Entrepreneurial Self Efficacy - 1962 Words

Business opportunities are like buses, there s always another one coming. - Richard Branson, founder of Virgin Enterprises With a plethora of new ideas, innovations, skills and opportunities, entrepreneurship has become a new trend in employment across the world. It is a good way to alleviate the pressure on employment. Entrepreneurship can improve economic efficiency, bring market innovation, increase employment opportunities and maintain employment levels (Shane, amp; Venkataraman,2000). Keeping this in mind, in the recent years, universities now focus their attention to promote entrepreneurship through education so as to instill motivation, confidence, interest and†¦show more content†¦(Source: â€Å"Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and business start-up: developing a multi-dimensional definition† by DrnovÃ… ¡ek M. et al). Theories in the past suggest that education targeted towards entrepreneurship can plays an important role in developing levels of self-efficacy. A bulk of researches has been done on how education has affected the entrepreneurial self-efficacy among the students. Bandura has said that self-confidence in our abilities to successfully perform specific tasks comes from four key sources: mastery experiences, modeling, social persuasion, and judgments of our own physiological states. Thus by providing education that is focused towards developing skills and interest for entrepreneurship, can develop self-efficacy in individuals. However, this is not always true. Sometimes entrepreneurship education can also have a negative impact. Particular combination of personal, perceptional and situational factors can lead to entrepreneurship education actually decreasing the level of entrepreneurial intentions. Researchers like Fayolle et al (2006) and Brockner et al (2004) have suggested that educat ion programs can have a counter effect too. Nevertheless, my personal belief is that entrepreneurship education has a positive impact on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Earlier reviews on the entrepreneurship education reveal that entrepreneurship education should take the action-learning or experience-oriented learning approach in order to increase theShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship And Entrepreneurial Intention And Self Efficacy1580 Words   |  7 Pages 2004; Kaijun and Sholihah, 2015). The entrepreneurial intention is a commitment to twitch a new business (Krueger, 1993; Autio et al., 2001). In the regions of British and Spain investigated by Linan, Nabi and Krueger (2013) that enhancing the level of knowledge and awareness about entrepreneurship would increase self-efficacy perceptions and hence entrepreneurial intentions. No significant relationship between entrepreneurial intention and self-efficacy was noticed by (Owoseni and Olakitan, 2014)Read MoreSelf Efficacy Among Students From A University Or School1608 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Self-efficacy is the ability to encourage your-self to get things accomplished. Self-efficacy are affecting by four factors as mastery experiences, modeling, persuasion and physiological factors. The purpose behind this paper has been to gain an understanding of how self-efficacy relates to entrepreneurial performance and the concept self-efficacy, with the aim of establishing how this personal characteristic can be measured and used to forecast entrepreneurial achievement. The aim of thisRead MoreSELF EFFICACY BUSINESS PLAN Essay4753 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿ Table of Contents TASK 1 1 INTRODUCTION Self Efficacy refers to an individual belief in their personal capability to accomplish a particular group of job (Bandura 1997). This particular description is associated with self-efficacy which came from a crucial idea within Albert Bandura’s interpersonal cognitive concept, and has already been used in a variety of mental hypotheses. In neuro-scientific mindset, self-efficacy are likely involved in several hypotheses associated with inspirationRead MoreTechnical And Business Of Entrepreneurship869 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ Technical and Business Undergraduates‟ Self-Efficacy in Entrepreneurship This paper investigated how particular and business student see their ability to adjust, perform and be viable in big business. Past investigation revelations suggest that entrepreneurial objectives and exercises are impacted by individuals self-respect or self-efficacy identifying with the confidence and saw competency in business issues. Seen wellness much of the time implies data, capacities and conduct, which are consideredRead MoreThe Difference Between An Entrepreneur And A Business Owner1681 Words   |  7 Pagesto. In fact, an entrepreneur could be a small business owner (SBO); however, not every SBO could be seen as an entrepreneur. This essay develops the understanding of the difference between an entrepreneur and a business owner as well as entrepreneurial self-efficacy and its relations of one’s performance. The study of entrepreneurship was first brought out by Schumpeter (1934), his work had sum up a brief description of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are those who continuously seeking opportunitiesRead MoreAPA 6th Edition Formatting Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesintuition versus analysis on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and found that â€Å"individuals with the intuitive cognitive style were more confident in their ability to identify and recognize opportunities,† but â€Å"individuals with the analytic cognitive style were more confident in their abilities to assess, evaluate, plan, and marshal resources† (p. 439). They also found that â€Å"intuitive individuals’ intentions toward entrepreneurship are better explained by their self-efficacy beliefs regarding . . . theRead MoreStudent s Entrepreneurial Intention Towards Entrepreneurship Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pagesconnection, diverting intention of individual towards entrepreneurship is essential for every economy. To take into account, the purpose of this study to identify factors that may influence on student’s entrepreneurial intention towards entrepreneurship. This is conceptualized with the support of Entrepreneurial Event Model (EEM) developed by Shapero Sokol (1982). This study proposes quantitative methodology in which cross-sectional data is randomly collected from the different public sector universitiesRead MoreThe Practice Of Entrepreneurship Through Time And The Global Enterprise1642 Words   |  7 Pagesopenness and conscientiousness which afford the opportunity to develop relationships (Luca Robu, 2016). Lack of self-esteem and self-efficacy reduces the competence in decision making. Delgado-Garcia, Rodriguez-Escudero, and Martin-Cruz (2012) maintained that negative self-esteem increased negative mood and limited options. In contrast, entrepreneurs who contain self-esteem and self-efficacy alter the subjective lens and foresee options and opportunities duri ng stressful events (Shein, Crous, and SchepersRead MoreAn Organization For A Volunteer Program1036 Words   |  5 Pageswhich is taken from Module 8; that as a community developer I would argue and recommend that every organization and institution needs to have volunteer program. The application of these above topics in an organization can increase [Module 7’s] Entrepreneurial Leadership, which in turn impacts the Economic Development of the community and society at large. Let me begin with Volunteerism, Volunteering is an essential quality an organization or institution can and should exhibit, another way ofRead MoreEntrepreneurial Education And Entrepreneurship Education1511 Words   |  7 Pagesfindings demonstrate an overall agreement on entrepreneurial education and that entrepreneurship can be learned and taught to a certain extent, agreements around the entrepreneurship education curriculum such as teaching methods, appropriateness of concepts and educational course content, are not quite in unison amongst scholars (Robinson and Hayenes 1991; Kuratko 2005; Pittaway and Cope 2007; Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n et al 2011). Therefore it can be assumed that entrepreneurial education can be a step forward in impacting

Literature Review The Great Thing About It Essay

Our world as we know it is fascinating, multifaceted, and cultured because of the literary aura that has been present throughout time. Just like the people that fill our world, some literature has been hurtful, some is beneficial to certain groups and cultures, and some is for pure entertainment. However, the great thing about it is that literature has the ability to connect any form of art through the past and present. Literature has no age and therefore can speak to generations and help enlighten future leaders of communities. No matter the topic, there is always a way to connect the piece of literature, whether that be a song, poem, or script, to the conditions of society. In the lives of African Americans, this idea of literature being a centerpiece of culture has continued in the past and into the present. Writers, songwriters, and poets alike all share a commonality that unites the African American community through similar aspirations, realizations, and views of the world arou nd them. The circumstance in most literature of the past done by African Americans shares what their place in American society is like. Literature acted, at the time, as a glue that kept thoughts and morals together in the African American community in America. Today, African American culture is shared through various forms of illumifying arts that have roots given by the African American literary leaders of the past. Specifically, the â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement and forms of media creationsShow MoreRelatedAre Common Core Standards Positively Affect Student Test Scores?906 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review: Positivity of Common Core Standards A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes the information in a particular subject area within a certain time frame (The Writing Center, 2014). A literature review will almost always have an organized pattern and will combine both summary and synthesis (The Writing Center, 2014). Why are literature reviews written? The answer is straightforward; they provide a handy guide to a particular topicRead MoreSpeech Is The Effective Form Of A Culture972 Words   |  4 Pages Speech is the effective form of a culture. Poetry enhances the effectiveness of speech if it didn’t then why do communication teachers do things like have you look outside the window and write a poem about what you see in class? Poetry helps you step outside the box be more creative it allows you the chance to speak and so does spoken word which is another form of poetry that I will discuss later in the essay. Poetry was very relevant during times like ancient Greece .If you mention theRead More My Development as a Writer Essays1352 Words   |  6 Pages My English Literature major has helped me to achieve an outstanding level of appreciation, enjoyment, and knowledge of both American and British Literature. As a high school AP English student, I struggled through great works like Hamlet and To the Lighthouse. My teacher’s daily lectures (there was no such thing as class discussion) taught me merely to interpret the works as critics had in the past. I did not enjoy the reading or writing process. As a freshman at Loras, I was enrolled in theRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Experience1594 Words   |  7 Pagesapply it to the Review of Literature, making sure all the requirements are applied. I believe that I was able to satisfy my writing by my improvements in my learning skills. From minor mistakes through slow understanding of the requirements, I was able to quickly grasp the future requirements and learn what I needed to accomplish to succeed. As I learn about myself more throughout the course, I became more curious about the things I write about. I had originally accepted things as they are becauseRead MoreAnthony Burgess and A Clockwork Orange987 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is absolutely nothing you can do about it. Anthony Burgess created this world through his novel, A Clockwork Orange. Anthony Burgess was born in 1917 and died in 1963. A lot of social changes occurred during this period of time, such as: the roaring twenties, prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and many more. Burgess not only lived through those changes, but also helped influences some social changes in literature and music. Anthony Burgess was a jack-of-all-tradesRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Twain s Works Made A Huge Impact On Readers And Literary Critics1288 Words   |  6 Pages2/26/17 P:2 Outline Mark Twain’s works made a huge impact on readers and literary critics. His writing occurred during both the romantic and realist time eras in American Literature. He has simple, seemingly artless narrators and an understated style leads readers to arrive at the social commentary of his narratives on their own. Mark Twain’s writing influenced society because he created a new perspective on life with the views pointed out in his books. The distinctive trait of Twain s was hisRead MoreIncreasing Student Success And Retention1557 Words   |  7 PagesSummary What was the article about in your words (evaluate abstract when initially reading for this information)? †¢ Nature of paper: Research? If yes, qualitative? Quantitative? Specific method? Meta-analysis? If no, position? Survey of literature? Critical analysis of the literature (topic research)? Position paper? Case study? Description paper? White paper? †¢ Information: Background? Problem? Purpose (or thesis)? Methods (if research paper)? Findings (if literature review, then the findings will presentRead More Kate Chopin Gives a Womans Voice to Realism Essay example1173 Words   |  5 Pagessome sort of controversy. All literature focused around a male main character as well. Most stories being written at the time were about male characters and their stories, not the women. Kate Chopin changed that. Kate Chopin was born Katherine OFlaherty. She was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1851. Her father was an Irish immigrant and her mother was of French descent. They introduced Kate to music and writing at an early age. (Elements of Literature 481) At nineteen she marriedRead MoreLiterature Review of Higher Education as an Investment for Economic Growth and Poverty Eradication1772 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review February 04, 2013 Literature Review: Higher education as an investment to grow economy and eradicate poverty. Introduction Even supposing that the latest U.S. employ numbers are trending definitely, there continue to be deep and systemic subjects that have made completer financial recovery indefinable. Chief among these is the disconnect that goes on among the obtainability of workers that are skilled and the tens of thousands of good jobs that are being waited to be filledRead MoreOutline Of A Curriculum Proposal1296 Words   |  6 Pagesnew curriculum unit to be focused on next year. This curriculum will be great to use because it allows the students to learn the importance of feel good about themselves. We believe that including a literature unit on self-esteem not only boost students’ self-worth but it would enhance their performance in class and in life. In kindergarten team meetings teachers will work to coordinate ways the students will be learning about the importance of self-esteem in order to produce an authentic curriculum

Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing. Answer: Introduction Outsourcing is a type of business strategy to operate business functions. It can be a permanent or a temporary strategy to bridge the gap in staffing, to have better quality techniques and improvement in product design. This type of business practice has become popular in these days and become more controversial in the last few years. Outsourcing business functions have been a topic of interest that has been highlighted outsources employees in order to keep their companies blooming. Some businesses outsource to hire another company that specialized in the features the company may need. Outsourcing can be effective and beneficial and it means hiring a third person to perform the needs of the operation. Offshore outsourcing is when those needs are fulfilled in another country (Duck, 2006). The research in this literature review will cover the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions. The advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions will be highli ghted. After research is conducted, a professional opinion will follow as to whether it is in the best interest of the organizations to utilize this business practice. Many businesses in developed countries have been able to run their business functions due to outsourcing but lost their national jobs. As in the US, outsourcing business runs successfully but many Americans lost their jobs. The professionals are in opinion on whether this practice should continue or not. The developed countries like US, Australia, generally they outsource their business to other countries, when the jobs get out the source from a parent location to a secondary location, unemployment get created at parent location (Duck, 2006). The research conducted will help to analyse these types of conditions. Onshore outsourcing means when a company hires a business, other than their own and need specialized features (Duck, 2006). That the business is looking for the commonly outsourced areas such as business centres, gift shops, and IT services, to run by the owners or have someone else to run them. Many businesses outsource some of the functions a service offshore. Offshore outsourcing can be done all around the world. The companies outsource their functions because they need highly skilled and talent in a specific area and not have to carry them on the company payroll (Pope, Key and Saigal, 2015). For example If a person wants to install a new computer system, he might have needed one IT person and outsource beyond that. Some companies outsource to save money on expenses and wages. Generally, companies outsource for the reduction in efficiency and labour cost and for this it became more efficient to have a valet company who have knowledge of business and experienced to make this function successfully (Fariborzi, 2012). Some companies outsource to save money on expenses and wages. Payroll is the largest cost for companies. The average wage of outsourcing someone in India is cheaper as compared to the U.S. This saves companies income and this is the basic reason that country like the U.S. outsources their business to India and China. This may help to run the business for the onshore employees (Pope, Key and Saigal, 2015). Many companies realize that outsourcing the business functions may become the reason of loss in business due to quality service, language, culture. Etc. Some other companies do not outsource because they want to have full control over their own business functions (Pope, Key and Saigal, 2015). Areas those are beneficial to Outsource Onshore Face to face- The business that requires face to face and eye contact are more beneficial to outsource. The areas those are a little bit to do with the expertise of the main functions. A company must perform their own expertise internally (Patricia, 2017). Companies trained their own staff and it is beneficial to have full control over training, it helps with on the constructive critics and progressive discipline. It would be wise to keep services involving local needs onshore. For example In a hotel business, it is beneficial to have local staff, as someone who lives in a local area can only give better information regarding services provided to the guest (Fariborzi, 2012). Outsourcing business functions allow organizations to concentrate on their core business. When functions are outsourcing, it becomes easy for the organizations to deal with other functions properly (Fariborzi, 2012). For example-In grocery shop, a florist is hired for flower counter, it becomes easy for the owner to focus on the other counter as he dosed not have much knowledge regarding flower, but outsource his work to florists helpful increasing his sales revenue. Area that is beneficial to Outsource Offshore A service that takes someone sitting at a desk to help them offshore outsourcing would be better and beneficial for any company (Glaister, 2013). For example- Reservations for train tickets plans other tickets would be a good area to outsource offshore because most of the people do not meet their reservation agents. Outsourcing business functions provide an organization exposure to vendors specialized system. This specialization provides more efficiency in work performance that allows producing high quality of work and saves time. There can be a chance of cost saving when business functions are outsourced perfectly. The cost saving that includes employee compensation costs, business expenses and other costs related to production and manufacturing setup are eliminated and can be free up resources for another useful purpose (Alexander, 2012). To run production offshore in a country where the labour cost and the production cost will be cheaper is beneficial for the business. For example- U.S. has corporate taxes; this can help a company save their capital (Alexander, 2012). A company may be offshore outsourced in an area where they get cheaper material for their production. Positive Impact of Outsourcing There are various companies that enjoy outsourcing because they are not focused on human resource functions for the employees. The outsourced companies bothered about the employment aspects of the business they are providing. In certain situations, like, if the outsources employee gets ill, or some emergency occurs, the outsource company will pay the extended sick leave. The company handles the financial burden of their employees, who can perform better in their work offered by the host company (Glaister, 2013). Therefore there are various advantages of outsourcing the business functions and it became important to understand the business practice and to consider the requirement of the business. Many economists believe that Onshore outsourcing can severely hurt the image of any business, and can cause a huge customer service liability. It can be a negative impact to the company that should anything goes wrong (Globaloutsourcingagency.com, 2017). Sometimes the outsourced company and the parent company do not use the same type of communication and network process; this can create delays and wastage of time for clients. Efficiency is a high priority in developed countries and even a small delay can cause a loss of business and also affect the market image of the company (Globaloutsourcingagency.com, 2017). People in developed countries such as America, Australians are less accepting of offshore outsourcing. People want companies hiring local citizens and they dont want the non-citizen person receiving a salary check and that should be given to their own citizen people that are willing and able to do the work (Khan, 2012). Companies may in due course back out of offshore outsourcing, only because of bad public relations. For example, the companies like GM US try to maintain their public relation by creating employment for their own citizens, and for this, the company uses special word, i.e., repatriating to show the people of America that they are taking care of their employment and bringing jobs in their own country (Globaloutsourcingagency.com, 2017). Therefore, it becomes necessary for the companies to maintain the faith of their own people, which is not an easy task, but steps are taken to improve their market conditions. It is important for a business to have the best possible contract and laws abided. Laws are laws and anyone can sue to anyone, and it does not mean that an outsourced company that claims to take on responsibility cannot arise lawsuits conditions (Bucki, 2017). As nothing is full proof in outsourcing business practices and companies have to be very careful in this regard. There are many jobs and people become unemployed and lost their jobs due to outsourcing type of business practices. Developed countries outsource their business to another country, but the rate of unemployment increases in the parent company locations. This is the biggest disadvantage of this type of business practice (Bucki, 2017). In the United States economy, offshore outsourcing is the main concern and highly debated because of the unemployment in the US. If a customer call centre is outsourced to a country that has a different language, there may be problems relating to customer satisfaction, dealing with different language create many problems to run a successful call centre (Cui, 2016). Organized labour in the developed countries has very strong feeling about outsourcing to other countries that have a less standard of living and have worse working conditions (Cui, 2016). This type of opinion can impact the adverse effect that how the workforce responds to outsourcing and can affect the daily productivity of an organization. Therefore, there are so many reasons that a company should not want to outsource there can be a legal hurdles and bad public relations due to outsourcing whether onshore or offshore business functions (Lacity and Rottman, 2008). Many economists believe that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages and this type of business practice must not be considered. Many businesses do not like how it impacts their customer service. Recommendation After the study of the various advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions, a professional opinion has been made. Every business has its own features and there is the large-scale business also that required highly skilled and talented people for their business operations. Sometimes it becomes the special requirements that the company has to outsource their functions to another person or to another country. There must be a balance between the outsourcing business functional and do with their own local people (Lisle, 2003). The business that is easily operated with local employment must stop offshore outsourcing and also decrease onshore outsourcing and if expertise is not in high priorities, the business should take the opportunities to operate and learn it themselves in order to avoid unusual outsourcing. When observing for outsourcing prospects in business, an organization must pay attention to potential zones and important elements within the area to determine if the whole functions or a part of the business function should be outsourced. References Alexander, K. (2012). Why auditors and public companies need international regulation.Amicus Curiae, 2002(42). Bucki, j. (2017).Compelling Reasons Outsourcing Is Wrong for Your Company. [online] The Balance. Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/top-6-outsourcing-disadvantages-2533780 [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Cui, Z. (2016). The Impact of Switching Costs on the Outsourcing of Knowledge-Intensive Business Processes.Decision Sciences, 48(1), pp.71-107. Duck, T. (2006). Why outsource the compliance function?.Journal of Investment Compliance, 7(3), pp.67-69. Fariborzi, E. (2012). E-mail Marketing: Advantages, Disadvantages andImproving Techniques.International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning. Glaister, A. (2013). HR outsourcing: the impact on HR role, competency development and relationships.Human Resource Management Journal, 24(2), pp.211-226. Globaloutsourcingagency.com. (2017).Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing. [online] Available at: https://www.globaloutsourcingagency.com/adv.html [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Khan, A. (2012). Offshore Software Development Outsourcing Contract from Vendors Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review Protocol.IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, 2(4), pp.26-37. Lacity, M. and Rottman, J. (2008). The Impact of Outsourcing on Client Project Managers.Computer, 41(1), pp.100-102. Lisle, C. (2003). Outsource a Core Competency?.The Journal of Private Equity, 7(1), pp.72-75. Patricia, P. (2017).Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing. [online] Smart Church Management. Available at: https://smartchurchmanagement.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-outsourcing/ [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Pope, J., Key, K. and Saigal, A. (2015). Nonprofit Outsourcing Patterns: Why Dont Small NPOs Outsource More?.Journal of Nonprofit Public Sector Marketing, 27(1), pp.99-116.

Journal Of Water Sanitation For Development-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Water Sanitation For Development? Answer: Introducation According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental cases (Who.int 2018). Maternal mortality is a significant concern in the modern World. The maternal mortality rates have dropped from 385 deaths to 216 deaths per 100,000 live births from 1990-2015, which is a decline of 44% of the global ratio of maternal mortality. However, this is only 5.5% of the annual rate, which is needed to achieve the maternal mortality reduction target. Maternal mortality is a significant concern, particularly in the regions of Africa. Maternal mortality rates are unacceptable in the sub-Saharan regions of Africa (World Health Organization 2015). Moreover, compared to the countries of high socio-economic status, the countries with poor socio-economic status are far more affected with respect to maternal mortality. This is because the developed countries have a maternal mortality rate of 1 in 3300, while for developing countries, it is 1 in 41. The maternal mortality ratio in the developing countries is 14 times higher than the maternal mortality ratios of the developed and high-income countries (World Health Organization and Unicef 2014). The percentage of women requiring or undergoing antenatal care has also increased from 65%, which was observed in the year 1990 to 83% in the year 2012. This is particularly high among the developing countries. Moreover, not all women receive the necessary amount of healthcare services required, particularly in the developing countries (Tran Khanh 2012). Although maternal mortality rates has decreased but more than 800 women die each day due to complications resulting from pregnancy and child birth (Haddou 2018). Both Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia contribute to significant numbers of the maternal dea ths observed worldwide (Blencowe et al. 2012). Proper family planning and sanitation are some of the interventions that can help to reduce the maternal deaths. This policy brief concentrates on the maternal mortality rates on Africa as compared to other countries and identifies the root causes of the problem. The policy brief is directed towards the Government and the participants in the culmination and application of the policy will be the healthcare organizations, non-government bodies, among others. Underlying root causes Approximately, 289,000 women die every year due to childbirth complications resulting from sanitation. Lack of family planning, results in early pregnancies, unintended pregnancies and abortions that contribute to maternal deaths (Usaid.gov 2018). Teenage pregnancies and lack of use of contraceptives also results in maternal deaths. Another case of concern is the HIV infections, which account for 40% of maternal deaths. These are some of the preventable causes of maternal mortality. Other preventable causes of maternal mortality are haemorrhage, which accounts for 27% of deaths, presence of pre-existing medical conditions that are aggravated due to pregnancy, pregnancy hypertensive disorders like eclampsia, sepsis, embolism, unsafe abortion practices also contribute to the preventable causes of maternal deaths worldwide, particularly in developing countries (Filippi et al 2016). Lack of skilled healthcare personnels, supplies and equipments prevent timely care of women going through various pregnancy or child birth related complications. Lack of equipments and skilled doctors and nurses, particularly in the developing countries also results in improper diagnosis of the complications, thereby preventing timely treatments and in turn contributing to increased maternal mortality rates. Presence of complications results in timely interventions like the use of services like administration of life saving drugs, blood transfusions, surgical interventions like caesarean sections, among others (Nnebue et al. 2014). Policy implications of maternal mortality The consequences associated with maternal mortality has far reaching effects. Studies have revealed that increase in maternal mortality results in increased rates of mortally among the children. It also results in decreased nutrition and proper education of children. Maternal deaths are also associated with social and economic crisis, particularly in the developing countries. In the developing countries like Africa, mothers are also earners of the family and maternal deaths results in financial instability, difficult management of the household, loss of education, among others. These are some of the long term consequences associated with maternal mortality (Molla et al. 2015). Some of the policies particularly in the developing countries that have been implied to reduce maternal mortality are fee exemption policy. According to this policy, delivery fees during child birth will be reduced in regions of Ghana. Along with this a method called the Rapid Ascertainment Process for institut ional deaths were also applied. It revealed that after application of the policy, maternal death rates were significantly reduced (Johnson, Frempong-Ainguah and Padmadas 2015). Some of the other policy implications are evaluation of safe pregnancy and motherhood programs, use of skilled health workers specialized in emergency obstetrics in order to reduce maternal deaths in rural areas, improvement of health facilities, helping the poor socio-economic groups get safe care delivery services in order to prevent deaths caused by pregnancy related complications, monitoring of maternal care services, se of context specific indicators to evaluate and monitor maternal health, evaluation of economic aspects of healthcare systems with the use of specific tools and enhancement of research works for further evaluation of the intervention and monitoring programs (Gov.uk 2018). Organizational interests The World Health Organization is particularly, interested in this problem of maternal mortality that is gripping the population of sub Saharan Africa. Maternal mortality in sub Saharan Africa is associated with various causes like anemia, diabetes or hypertension, mental health conditions like depression, among others. Other factors include obstructed labour, obstetric fistula are also associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality (Filippi et al. 2016). The World Health Organization along with others partners are involved in the development of tools and other measures to overcome these shortcomings. The World Health Organization also defines the roles played by unsafe abortions in contributing to maternal deaths. According to the World Health Organization, unsafe abortion is the termination of an unwanted pregnancy, either by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment lacking minimal medical standards or both. Although the maternal mortality ratios have been re duced throughout the World, the most significant reduction observed in Eastern Asia of about 72%, Sub Saharan Africa shows only a very poor decline of only 45% in comparison to others countries (Who.int 2018). The World Health Organization has given rise to a number of statistical data that have shown that 73% of maternal deaths are due to obstetric causes and 27.5% are due to indirect causes. Hemorrhage constituted 27.1% of maternal deaths, hypertension constituted 14%, sepsis was 10.7%, unsafe abortions were 7.9% and embolism contributed to 12.8% of maternal deaths in Sub Saharan Africa. Indirect causes contributed 70% to maternal deaths. Indirect causes as observed by the World Health Organization, were found to be HIV/AIDS, preexisting conditions associated with diabetes, hypertension, depression, among others (Storm et al. 2014; Black et al. 2016). The World Health Organizations millennium development goal 5 was to improve maternal health and therefore to reduce maternal mortal ity rates (Who.int 2018). However, such health strategies of the millennium development goals with respect to maternal mortality has be used to create an agenda or a sustainable development goal that can have global implications involving not only the health of women but also ensure the well being and health of all individuals belonging to different age groups (Sustainabledevelopment.un.org 2018). Overview of policies and their shortcomings Family planning policies as part of the millennium development goals to reduce maternal mortality is one of the policy options as described by the World Health Organization (Kyei-Nimakoh, Carolan-Olah and McCann 2016). This policy provides evidences with respect to multiple benefits associated with family planning. It shows the importance of family planning in maintenance of health and also for the socio-economic development of the countrys population. The policy therefore supports the cause of family planning in order to curb the health priorities affecting the current World Population. According to this policy the main benefits associated with family planning are associated with maternal mortality rates and health. Contraception reduces the number and also alters the timing of the pregnancies, which in turn has an impact on the health of the mothers as well as on the children. By increasing the contraceptive se to 10%, the rate of births and fertility are reduced, thereby resulting in a positive impact on the health of the women. Fertility regulation plays an important role in reducing the rate of maternal deaths (Adedini et al. 2015). Fertility decline played an important role, particularly in the developing countries to reduce the maternal mortality rates by 1.2 million in 2005 and by 1.7 million in 2008. The policy indicates that maternal deaths can be reduced by 30% if the women use contraceptives in order to avoid future pregnancies. The policy identifies two possible mechanisms by which contraceptives can reduce maternal mortality ratios. These include pregnancy aversions which would result in lowering the risk to the mother aged between 18-34 years and also reduces the rate of unsafe abortions. Another mechanism that was identified was that use of contraceptives results in improvements in obstetric health provisions. Moreover, other benefits that were identified involved survival and health of newborns (Familyplanning.org.nz 2018). The social benefits identified by the policy was that family planning or contraception resulted in womens education and empowerment. Greater empowerment was found to be associated with greater use of contraceptives and in turn resulted in decreased maternal mortality rates and decrease in unwanted pregnancies. A low fertility setting for women results in increase in women employment and participation in public activities, which in turn ensures brighter future. The policy also identified the economic impacts associated with family planning and indicated that such family planning interventions, particularly in the developing countries helped to reduce the health delivery service costs with respect to disability adjusted life years, maternal and child deaths. African countries, where the population is growing at a rapid rate, the World Bank indicates that such a rapid population growths results in large number of savings deficits. Moreover, the environmental benefits were also outlined by the policy, whic h indicated that population growths resulted in large consumptions of the environmental resources and also increased carbon-dioxide emissions, mainly in the least developed countries. The policy implications were identified to be positive impacts on the health of women as well as children, apart from socio-economic developments. Contraceptions help to reduce the rate of child births and also help to space the child births, thereby resulting in women empowerment as well as reductions in maternal mortality (Apps.who.int 2018). However, even though family planning helps to prevent and thereby reduce the rates of maternal and child mortality, women in many developing countries like South Africa still do not use contraceptives and as a result the number of unintended pregnancies, abortions and maternal deaths are high. Lack of proper scaling up strategies for promoting the use of contraceptives results in low usage. Other than lack of scaling up strategies, absence of maternal care facilities also results in increased maternal deaths in South Africa (Chola et al. 2015). Necessary recommendations include reduction in the costs of the contraceptives and also family planning educational programs in order to educate more women and also their families particularly in the rural areas to use contraceptives and control unwanted or untimely fatal pregnancies. Other shortcomings of the family planning policies or the reasons why the policy is failing is that beliefs of patients and providers play an important role in i nfluencing the use of contraceptives. Misconceptions present in various regions of Africa such as Uganda, with respect to the use of contraceptives also deter them from following the family planning guidelines. According to them contraceptives can damage the uterus and also can result in death. Moreover, other barriers included discussions about contraceptives to be unacceptable, provider beliefs like contraceptives can induce female infertility, unwillingness to distribute contraceptives to unmarried individuals, among others. Other barriers are limited availability of contraceptives, lack of qualified and skilled healthcare personnels, misconceptions of health risks, lack of consent from male partners and limited access to contraceptives also prevent the use of contraceptives and adhere to family planning guidelines (Uniteforsight.org 2018; Ackerson and Zielinski 2017; Celik 2016). Another policy as defined by the Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity (SHARE) implicates lack of sanitation and hygiene as well as poor access of water negatively impacts both maternal and child health (Who.int 2018; Waterinstitute.unc.edu 2018). According to this policy there is a strong correlation between maternal mortality and lack of sanitation, hygiene and water. The lack of hand hygiene has also been associated with increased maternal and child deaths. The causes described in this policy with respect to maternal deaths were poor sanitation and unsafe management of water. Evidences revealed that poor sanitation resulted in hookworm infections, which can cause anaemia and increase the risks associated with maternal deaths. Hookworm infections were also found to cause Listeria, which were associated with pre-term births and spontaneous abortions. Poor sanitation related Schistosomiasis is also associated with anemia, ectopic pregnancy and under nutrition among pregn ant women. This in turn results in poor health outcomes for the pregnant women (Campbell et al. 2015). Moreover, infections caused by poor sanitation results in obstructed labour and increased risk of maternal mortality (Filippi et al. 2016). Poor sanitation also increases the risk of pre-eclampsia, urinary tract infections, thereby resulting in negative health outcomes for women. Moreover, unsafe water can increase risks of infections associated with fecal oral routes and can also result in increased infections like malaria and dengue, which poses a serious threat to pregnant women (Minassian et al. 2013). Moreover, contamination of water by arsenic and fluorides results in still births and higher rates of spontaneous abortion. SHARE has helped to carry out research in the field of sanitation and maternal health. The policy identified a conceptual framework named the Bradley classification, which identified the risk factors associated with maternal health outcomes. This classificat ion helped to identify the risk factors and classified them into biological, chemical and behavioral mechanisms. Other studies identified in this policy brief showed that poor water sanitation is associated with increased maternal mortality rates and also indicated that poor access to safe water also contributed to increased risks of maternal mortality. Moreover, assessments carried out revealed that in Tanzania, less than one third of births take place in safe water and sanitation regions (Benova et al. 2014). Needs assessments were also carried out, which showed that poor functioning of water system, contaminated hospital beds, lack of hand washing stations had been found to be responsible for the high maternal mortality rates in Zanzibar and India (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk 2018; Steinmann et al. 2015). The needs assessment study also revealed that poor sanitation and open defecation is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The policy revealed that additional work is required to enhance the evidence base and identify the various sanitation interventions that can have a positive impact on maternal health, thereby enabling to reduce the maternal mortality rates. The policy contributed to research with respect to identifying the risk factors and in this respect helped to identify that sanitation problems and lack of access to safe water are some of the determinants of maternal health. The policy also provides recommendations that indicates the requirement of support from donors, governments and agencies. It also recommends the requirement of infrastructures, monitoring, training and supplies in order to ensure the hygiene particularly in delivery and operating rooms. Moreover, it also recommends the implementation of the WASH policy in the post 2015 development framework and also ensures that financial resourcing be carried out in order to embed WASH in core health strategies (Lshtm.ac.uk 2018). However, the WASH policy has some barriers, which prevents its success. These include lack on information, differences in mindsets, lack of coordination, lack of political and financial support, lack of demand, donor agendas, lack of service providers, lack of human and technical resources, limited access, lack of promotion, lack of cleaning arrangements, cultural factors, among others. Lack of proper information about the existing conditions of sanitation, lack of clarity with respect to institutional responsibilities in developing countries, lack of budgetary allocations, lack of skilled and disciplined workers can also result in preventing the implementations of the WASH policy. Moreover, in countries like Africa, lack of hygiene providers like local governments, NGOs, community associations and private suppliers also prevents the implementation of the WASH policy. Additionally, lack of promotional strategies also have no impact particularly in the rural population and promotional strategies are required to create links between sanitation and maternal mortality, which in turn can have an impact on the rural populations of developing countries. Developing countries also do not have community sanitation facilities, which also prevents the reduction of maternal mortality rates. Cultural factors also are potential barriers to policy implementations, which include variations of the perspectives of individuals with respect to sanitation facilities. Moreover, varying beliefs of different ethnic groups also pose a problem to policy implementations (Waterfund.go.ke 2018; Sahoo et al. 2015). Policy recommendations However, keeping in mind the shortcomings of the policies described in the above sections, certain recommendations that can be beneficial in further inducing the implementations of the policies include access to skilled care to women in developing countries before, after and during child births, training of health providers with emergency obstetrics care, increasing the supplies in healthcare centers, education of communities in order to strengthen the maternal healthcare organizations, skilled technicians who can assist in child birth and manage complications in rural areas, increase in funding from Government and non-government organizations, among others (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2018). Other recommendations involve promotion of sanitation and family planning strategies on a large scale, particularly in rural areas and also monitor the services provided by the healthcare centers. Moreover, misconceptions can be removed by utilizing members from local communities in promotional programs in order to obtain the trust of the individuals with respect to the health promotion programs. Women supervisors should be included in the promotional programs so that the women in developing countries and various rural areas can talk about their problems, which is otherwise not possible in the presence of male counterparts. Education and empowerment of women is also essential as these would help the women to lead healthy lives and also help them to keep their families free of diseases. Finally, it is necessary to make maternal health a global health concern and embed it in all health-related programs whether national or global (Apps.who.int 2018). Closing paragraph Thus, maternal health is a serious concern and it should be noted that prevention of maternal mortality is essential in order to prevent negative impacts on the society, family and the economy of a nation and the World in general. Various policies have been applied that helps to curb the consequences of maternal mortality. Although maternal mortality rates have declined in the recent times but still various developing countries are still trying to cope from the maternal mortality issues. One of the most affected regions of the World that is affected by high rates of maternal mortality and also have shown least progress with respect to reduction of maternal deaths are the sub Saharan regions of Africa. Various barriers are also present that prevent the implementations of policies. As a result, various promotional and intervention programs are needed in order to prevent maternal mortality. Thus, this policy brief provides various recommendations that can be used to enhance maternal hea lth in the developing countries, particularly the most affected regions of Africa Reference List Ackerson, K. and Zielinski, R., 2017. Factors influencing use of family planning in women living in crisis affected areas of Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of the literature.Midwifery,54, pp.35-60. Adedini, S.A., Odimegwu, C., Imasiku, E.N. and Ononokpono, D.N., 2015. Unmet need for family planning: Implication for under-five mortality in nigeria.Journal of health, population, and nutrition,33(1), p.187. Apps.who.int (2018).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Apps.who.int. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75165/1/WHO_RHR_HRP_12.23_eng.pdf [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Apps.who.int (2018).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Apps.who.int. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/153544/1/9789241508483_eng.pdf? [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk (2018).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a0899c40f0b6497400018c/Report__Improving_Maternal_and_Newborn_Health_in_Zanzibar_March_2015.pdf [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Benova, L., Cumming, O., Gordon, B.A., Magoma, M. and Campbell, O.M., 2014. Where there is no toilet: water and sanitation environments of domestic and facility births in Tanzania.PloS one,9(9), p.e106738. Black, R.E., Levin, C., Walker, N., Chou, D., Liu, L., Temmerman, M. and Group, D.R.A., 2016. Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health: key messages from Disease Control Priorities 3rd Edition.The Lancet,388(10061), pp.2811-2824. Blencowe, H., Cousens, S., Oestergaard, M.Z., Chou, D., Moller, A.B., Narwal, R., Adler, A., Garcia, C.V., Rohde, S., Say, L. and Lawn, J.E., 2012. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications.The Lancet,379(9832), pp.2162-2172. Campbell, O.M., Benova, L., Gon, G., Afsana, K. and Cumming, O., 2015. Getting the basic rightsthe role of water, sanitation and hygiene in maternal and reproductive health: a conceptual framework.Tropical medicine international health,20(3), pp.252-267. Celik, L.D.C., 2016. Access to contraceptives in Uganda: Approachability, acceptability, and users abilities. Chola, L., McGee, S., Tugendhaft, A., Buchmann, E. and Hofman, K., 2015. Scaling up family planning to reduce maternal and child mortality: the potential costs and benefits of modern contraceptive use in South Africa.PLoS One,10(6), p.e0130077. Familyplanning.org.nz (2018).Benefits Of Contraception Use - Family Planning. [online] Familyplanning.org.nz. Available at: https://www.familyplanning.org.nz/news/2013/benefits-of-contraception-use [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Filippi, V., Chou, D., Ronsmans, C., Graham, W. and Say, L., 2016. Levels and causes of maternal mortality and morbidity.Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health, p.51. Gov.uk (2018).Immpact Key Findings and Policy Implications. - GOV.UK. [online] Gov.uk. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/immpact-key-findings-and-policy-implications [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Haddou, L. (2018).Maternal mortality down 45% globally, but 33 women an hour are still dying. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/may/07/maternal-mortality-rate-drops-half-report-who-childbirth-pregnancy [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Johnson, F.A., Frempong-Ainguah, F. and Padmadas, S.S., 2015. Two decades of maternity care fee exemption policies in Ghana: have they benefited the poor?.Health policy and planning,31(1), pp.46-55. Kyei-Nimakoh, M., Carolan-Olah, M. and McCann, T.V., 2016. Millennium development Goal 5: progress and challenges in reducing maternal deaths in Ghana.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,16(1), p.51. Lshtm.ac.uk (2018). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Lshtm.ac.uk. Available at: https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-07/Policy%20Brief%20-%20WASH%20%26%20MNH.pdf [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Minassian, C., Thomas, S.L., Williams, D.J., Campbell, O. and Smeeth, L., 2013. Acute maternal infection and risk of pre-eclampsia: a population-based case-control study.PloS one,8(9), p.e73047. Molla, M., Mitiku, I., Worku, A. and Yamin, A.E., 2015. Impacts of maternal mortality on living children and families: A qualitative study from Butajira, Ethiopia.Reproductive health,12(1), p.S6. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (2018).Recommendations. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK201712/ [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Nnebue, C.C., Ebenebe, U.E., Adogu, P.O., Adinma, E.D., Ifeadike, C.O. and Nwabueze, A.S., 2014. Adequacy of resources for provision of maternal health services at the primary health care level in Nnewi, Nigeria.Nigerian medical journal: journal of the Nigeria Medical Association,55(3), p.235. Sahoo, K.C., Hulland, K.R., Caruso, B.A., Swain, R., Freeman, M.C., Panigrahi, P. and Dreibelbis, R., 2015. Sanitation-related psychosocial stress: a grounded theory study of women across the life-course in Odisha, India.Social Science Medicine,139, pp.80-89. Steinmann, P., Bratschi, M.W., Lele, P., Chavan, U., Sundaram, N., Weiss, M.G., Juvekar, S. and Hirve, S., 2015. Availability and satisfactoriness of latrines and hand washing stations in health facilities, and role in health seeking behavior of women: evidence from rural Pune district, India.Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development,5(3), pp.474-482. Storm, F., Agampodi, S., Eddleston, M., Srensen, J.B., Konradsen, F. and Rheinlnder, T., 2014. Indirect causes of maternal death.The Lancet Global Health,2(10), p.e566. Sustainabledevelopment.un.org (2018).Goal 3 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. [online] Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3 [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Tran Khanh, T., 2012.ANTENATAL AND DELIVERY CARE UTILIZATIONIN URBAN AND RURAL CONTEXTS IN VIETNAM: A study in two health and demographic surveillance sites(Doctoral dissertation, Nordic School of Public Health NHV Gteborg, Sweden). Uniteforsight.org (2018).Reproductive Health and Family Planning - Certificate in Maternal and Child Health. [online] Uniteforsight.org. Available at: https://www.uniteforsight.org/women-children-course/reproductive-health [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Usaid.gov (2018).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Usaid.gov. Available at: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/MCHVision.pdf [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Waterfund.go.ke (2018).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Waterfund.go.ke. Available at: https://www.waterfund.go.ke/watersource/Downloads/001.%20Sanitation%20and%20Hygiene%20Case%20Study%20Madagascar.pdf [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Waterinstitute.unc.edu (2018).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Waterinstitute.unc.edu. Available at: https://waterinstitute.unc.edu/files/2015/06/WPRD-Issue-2-Final.pdf [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Who.int (2018).PMNCH | PMNCH Knowledge Summary #30 Water, sanitation and hygiene - the impact on RMNCH*. [online] Who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/pmnch/knowledge/publications/summaries/ks30/en/ [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Who.int (2018).WHO | Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births). [online] Who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/indmaternalmortality/en/ [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Who.int (2018).WHO | MDG 5: improve maternal health. [online] Who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/maternal_health/en/ [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Who.int (2018).WHO | Preventing unsafe abortion. [online] Who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/unsafe_abortion/hrpwork/en/ [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. World Health Organization and Unicef, 2014. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division. World Health Organization, 2015. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990-2015: estimates from WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division: executive summary.

Augustus Caesar and his rise to power essays

Augustus Caesar and his rise to power essays Augustus Caesars rise to power and transformation of the Roman Republic into the great Empire was able to happen because of his great ability to gain support from his military soldiers, the senate, and the people. His relationship with each varied, but ultimately lead to him becoming known as the creator of the Roman Empire. Through the gaining of well timed support from the senate, and retaining popularity with his army and the people he was able to gain the political power needed in order to give Rome the opportunity of changing into the Empire it came to be. Augustuss mass approval from the senate was the main reason how he gained enough power to take Rome to the next level and fully solidify it as a world power and one of the greatest Empires in world history. Augustuss speeches to the senate, was one of the ways in which he gained the respect as a leader. Having attained my highest hopes, members of the senate, what more have I to ask of the immortal gods that I may retain the same unanimous approval of yours to the very end of my life (page 53, DWP). He was also quite modest in receiving titles and accolades from the senate and by the people. By refusing titles early in his political career, he was perceived to be honest and his intentions to be in the best interest of the Republic and not his own power. However when he did accept the titles given to him and once he saw his power growing, this is when Augustus began to change Rome from the Republic it had been, and into the Empire it is most notably remembered for. The senate remain ed intact and still acted as it did during the past, but unless it gained the approval of Caesar, actions by the senate did not take place. And if someone was elected but was not seen fit to hold the position in the eyes of Caesar than that person would not hold office....yet he took care that no persons should hold office who were unfit or elected as the r...

Optical Illusions Essays - Brain, Cerebrum, Neuroanatomy

Optical Illusions Essays - Brain, Cerebrum, Neuroanatomy Optical Illusions My research paper is about the anatomy of an optical illusion. Optical Illusions are relevant to aviation in that the main guidance system of most aircraft on most flights is the pilot's eyes. Everyone, including pilots, is susceptible to an optical illusion. The hazards of optical illusions are many considering that at any time during the flight they can cause a healthy and experienced pilot to become confused, delusional and generally disoriented with obvious possible consequences. This is why we must study and be aware of optical illusions so that we may be better prepared should we encounter one at a critical time. To better illustrate the origins of optical illusions I will review some parts of the brain and their functions. The brain has seven main parts, they are: the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the cerebellum, the brain stem, the corpus callosum, the two hemispheres, and the largest part of the brain, the cerebrum. The thalamus is located just above the brain stem. It acts like a switchboard, deciding what to do with the messages that come to the brain. If you were reacting to a situation like flying in a dogfight, and radio chatter was coming through your headphones, your thalamus would ignore the radio chatter. The hypothalamus controls our emotions such as happiness and sadness. It also controls our sense of temperature and our feeling of hunger. It is located directly in front of the thalamus. It is also one of the organs that is fully developed when you are born. The cerebellum is the part of the brain that controls our muscles. When we are born, our cerebellums aren't fully developed. Thats why we didnt do things in a coordinated manner with our limbs. We moved shakily with our bodies because messages from another part of our brain called the cerebrum werent organized by the cerebellum. The brain stem is located at the back of the brain, right below the thalamus. It has the responsibility of taking care of involuntary movements such as breathing, blinking, and making our heart beat. The cerebrum is the largest part of our brain. It takes care of our motor skills such as speaking, walking, and writing. These skills are operated in the outside layer of the brain, called the cortex. It is the last part of the brain to develop and is unique only in humans. The cerebrum is divided into two halves, or hemispheres. Our major learning senses are located within the two hemispheres. The corpus callosum is the connector for the two hemispheres of the brain and sends messages between the hemispheres. Your corpus callosum is able to send about twenty messages per second and routes them to various nerve cells called neurons. The brain receives messages through these neurons. Scientists believe that for every ten billion cells in the body, one billion of them are neurons. Can you see a square? Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered that an area of the brain previously thought to process only simple visual information also tackles complex images such as optical illusions. Research, conducted with animals, provided evidence that both the simple and more complex areas of the brain are involved in different aspects of vision and work cooperatively, rather than in a rigid hierarchy, as scientists previously believed. The Scientists compare vision to an orchestra, where clusters of cells in different parts of the brain cooperate to process different components of visual information such as vertical or horizontal orientation, color, size, shape, movement, and distinctions between overlapping objects. The MIT research focused on an area of the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of gray matter that envelops the entire brain called the primary visual cortex, also known as V1 and Area 17 of the brain. In humans that area is about five centimeters in diameter, about the size of four postage stamps and a couple millimeters deep on both sides of the rear of the head, just below the crown. The V1 area is the first point of entry in the brain's cortex of visual information from the eye's retina. Earlier the V1 was thought to be involved only in processing very simple spatial orientations, such as whether an object is placed

Team Building 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team Building 1 - Essay Example 2. Self-Directed Teams: Self Directed teams are self-managed and take the responsibility of completely managing the entire work segments or processes. In general, these are highly experienced, skilled and knowledgeable groups having considerable power in terms of directing, making decisions and ownership of the entire job (West, 2012) . Self directed teams can be found in companies as teams handling an entire production line or an entire category of brand. A self-directed team can be best utilized by cross-training activities that will help them in mastering their job. Cross-training will also allow better flexibility within the team thereby generating higher performance among team members (Cook, Mangla & Ummer, 2009). 3. Decision team: Decision teams are often found in highest positions in an organization. For instance, the board of directors or strategic management team handle importance decision making task such as setting organizational objectives, long-term and short term vision and strategies for sales and development of products and services. This team is also generally in charge of the strategic and financial plans. The decision team can be best utilized in creating external corporate contacts and developing networks for funding and long-term development and sustainability of the organization (Dyer, W.G., Dyer, Jr & Dyer, G. H. 2007). After consulting with numerous teams and conducting extensive research on the performance, analysts have discovered four â€Å"Cs† which teams need to understand as well as manage for achieving a superior performance. The four Cs are as follows; 1. Context: Context for teams refers to environment within the organization wherein a team must act. High performance teams are known to manage context in an efficient manner by 1) establishing team goals that are measurable, compelling and clear, 2) Making team work a critical component for achieving

Structured essay 2500 words, a critical analysis of the portrayal of

Structured 2500 words, a critical analysis of the portrayal of socio-cultural issues and physical education in the media - Essay Example A number of factors that help shape and determine these socio-cultural issues are the expectations of the community, laws, rules, and policies, economic as well as physical resources, ethical and technological factors. The media could as well be categorized under the technological factors. These factors will in the long run affect the attitudes, behaviors, and expectations that these people have over the relationships (Smith & O’Day, 1990). The media together with what could be described as popular culture often does portray unrealistic scenarios or images about these relationships and often does play a very crucial role in the persuasion process of the people within communities to try and conform to the social norms. The media could still be used as a destructive tool that hinders the achievement of these socio-cultural needs and that is why its portrayal of them is very vital thing to consider (Oleribe, 2005). In the movie Take the Lead, there are socio-culture issues that arise from the events in the movie and from individuals’ behaviors. These socio-culture issues include disadvantaged education and family. On the part of disadvantaged education, this can be well pointed out in the movie where the students in the detention like Rock, LaRhette and the others are seen as not performing well in terms of class education. Although they are not good in class performance, they are seen as having other talents that they can perform better. In this case their dancing skills are good and through practice, acceptance and determination, they dance through a highly competitive dancing competition where their performance is quite appreciated even by the school Principle James who makes the program permanent within the school and expands it to other schools. Family as a socio-cultural issue on the other hand is portrayed in this movie by how different individual characters have been brought up or are relating to their family members or the general

Global Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Business Environment - Assignment Example At the same, there has been progressive scientific understanding into global warming as well as ways that this issue can be mitigated. There have been a lot of international conferences and seminars to educate people on its effects and things that can be done in order to mitigate its effects (Chatham, 2009, p. 34). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been active and effective in the study of global warming and its related effects. The panel researched and discovered that global warming is a result of an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the environment and the general stratosphere. Human beings play an important and active role in the accumulation of these gases in the environment through various activities and processes. The report by IPCC explained that of all the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide was the most prevalent contributor of global warming. At the same time, other different human activities like deforestation play a big role in the accumulation of carbon dioxide. Forests and vegetation cover usually use the excess carbon dioxide in their photosynthetic processes in a process called carbon dioxide fixation. This means that maintaining forest cover is an important step necessary in checking on the effects of global warming. However, people should try their level best in order to reduce on the energy that is released in the atmosphere, there should be effective and successful environmental campaigns aiming at sensitizing people on various methods of environmental management and conservation

Tourism PESTEL Analysis | Canary Islands

Tourism PESTEL Analysis | Canary Islands PESTEL PESTEL as acronym stands for political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors, which influence the processes within a n organization. It is an analysis, which concentrate on the environmental factors that influence the operational firm. Therefore, it is a mandatory and helping tool for managers to have better insights about the threats and opportunities and understand its majority that exist in a running business, which are affected by such factors. This analysis thus, provides a greater vision for managers for current and future purposes to compete on the market completely and effectively. The understanding of the environment that influences the business is crucial to have an overview and control of the organization to manage the plans with environmental effects. The firm, which does neglect the forces of environmental changes, hardly succeeds and survives the competition. The right apprehension of Pestel also provides a great strategy to managers about th e existing external forces that affecting the business environment. (P)olitical factors The political environment that exists in a nation can have tremendous impacts on the execution of a business including the lodging business. Governmental issues influence the day-by-day lives of numerous subjects all over the Canary Islands and companies it is a must to develop ways to adjust to the political circumstances in the nation. The political methodology received by a nation influences the quantity of nearby guests and their capacity to go around the nation. The hotel industry of Canary Islands is highly dependent on the local and international visitors. Year by year, the Canary Islands has been captivates a great amount of tourist from abroad. Canary Islands are Autonomous groups of Spain with a membership as well in the European Union. In the Council Decision of 20 June 2002 (2002/546/EC), taken on the basis of Article 299(2) of the EC Treaty, the Kingdom of Spain was authorised from 1 January 2002 until 31 December 2011 to exempt or reduce partially from the AIEM tax (Arbitrio sobre las Importaciones y Entregas de Mercancias en las islas Canarias) some products produced locally in the Canary Islands. The AIEM tax is generally imposed on products imported into or obtained in the Canary Islands. In the annex to the Council Decision is the list of products to which the above mentioned special measure applies. The difference in taxation between goods taxed on a regular basis and those to which is applied an exemption or partial reduction cannot be higher then 5%, 15% or 25% depending on the product. In the Council Decision of 20 June 2002 the reasons underlying the adoption of the special arrangements were presented. The main sources of the problems faced by the Canary Islands are isolation and fragmentation of the market. This causes various difficulties mainly connected with higher production costs (transport, energy, supplies of raw materials, treatment of waste, etc). It also contributes to the low diversification of the economy which is weaker and more susceptible to negative changes than European and global markets. In other words the special measures were introduced to counter disadvantages faced by the Canary Islands and thereby allowing the economy of the Islands to develop. They were especially targeted at strengthening domestic industry by increasing its competitive position, which is disadvantaged because of the location, structure and size of the market. Also, they are unable to benefit from globalisation. The AIEM aims at reducing those disadvantages of the market of the Canary Islands. Data provided by the Spanish Government shows that positive effects were observed after the special measures were introduced, however the problems underlying the special tax scheme continue to exist. Therefore continuation of special measures is justified. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:777c256b-adfe-11e3-86f9-01aa75ed71a1.0002.01/DOC_1format=PDF (E)conomic factors The second factor, which influences the working process and the accomplishment of Hotel Costa Calero is the economic ones. GDP growth forecast for 2015 and 2016 to 3.3% and 3.0% respectively. Overall, the greater economic dynamism encourages the creation of more than 60 000 jobs in the biennium 2015- 2016. the consolidation of the price of a barrel of oil at relatively low levels compared to the average of 2014 can be a significant boost to the Islands economy in 2015 and 2016 the European Central Bank surprised with a policy of quantitative expansion of higher volume than expected, and has left open the date of termination of the program. These actions will promote a reduction in financing costs to the private sector, especially in economies such as Spanish where fragmentation of the European financial system resulted in higher interest rates for households and firms in other eurozone countries. This will support growth in new credit operations and enhance the good performance of domestic demand. Depreciation of the euro against the dollar, that will put the exchange rate around $ 1.1 / â‚ ¬ 2015 on average BBVA Research estimates suggest that this depreciation of the euro 20% of its value in 2014 could boost the 0.8 pp Islands economy in 2015, the result of improved export competitiveness Canary faces several challenges, most notably an unemployment rate still above 30%. Return the regional appeal, increase the participation rate of young people and, above all, of those over 54 (see Box 3) and accelerate job creation consistent with increases in productivity must be considered a primary goal for the sake of reverse the divergence of per capita income about major European regions. On the revenue side, the approved budget reflects an increase in non-interest income of 3.5% compared to the initial forecasts of 2014, driven by increased resources Economic and Fiscal Regime of the Canary Islands (REF), which will be helped by the recovery in consumption and changes policy of the Tax on imports and delivery of goods in the Canary Islands (AIEM). The tourism sector is the main engine of the Islands economy (around 30% of GDP ) and, during the last five years, 2014 closed again, posting record figures in the number of visitors. Indeed, the Canaries received 11.4 million foreign tourists, up 8% from the previous year. By country, the UK (4 million) and Germany (2.7 million), remain the main source markets. Moreover, total tourist spending in the region also set a record with more than 14,200 million euros. This represents an increase of 7.1% %, the fall in the average stay (-0.3 days) it is primarily responsible for this development. Also, other factors help explain this phenomenon. Although geographically, the fall of stay has been widespread among the major source markets, this decline has been most pronounced among travelers aged between 45 and 64 years and tourists with high income levels, which added a decrease in daily spending, https://www.bbvaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Situacion_Canarias_Abr15_Cap31.pdf (S)ocial Factors Canary Islands have a population of 2.104.815 wherefrom Lanzarote dispose of 141.940 inhabitants. Major percentage of this population is from Spaniard origin (109.178 in Lanzarote) and the rest of includes of German, Italian, Romanian, Moroccan, English, Columbian and from Chinese origin (These major nationalities from the population of Lanzarote are noted in the paper by their number of beyond one thousand from the residential nationality origin in 2014 (datosdelanzarote.com, 2014)). http://www.datosdelanzarote.com/itemDetalles.asp?idFamilia=9idItem=6531 This means, that Lanzarote is a culturally multiple island due to its historically and up to present migration into the island/s. The age structure in the Canarias is as follows; the age group from the total population under 16 is 22.2%, in Lanzarote is 27.3%, the working force from age 16 and under 65 is 56.9 in the Canary islands and 63.1% in Lanzarote from the citizens and finally people of age above 65 is 20.9% in the Canarias and 9.6% in Lanzarote (ine.es, 2014 and datosdelanzarote.com, 2014). http://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=2853 http://www.datosdelanzarote.com/itemDetalles.asp?idFamilia=6idItem=6648 Education in the Canary Islands is compulsory for children below the age of 16 (gobiernodecanarias.org, 2010), which is a free for this aged population. Primary education is compulsory, however the rate of school leavers is 35% of the population between age 18 and 24, which might be caused the inefficient share of knowledge, demands of skill obtaining, low levels of standard education, however, according to Social and Political Pact, by 2020-2025 85% of the population would be compulsory to dispose a certificate from intermediate education (ec.europa.eu, 2012). http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/rup_migratory/canarias/ex_sum_canary_en.pdf http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/educacion/5/DGOIE/PublicaCE/docsup/Estudiar_en_Canarias_Ingles.pdf (T)echnology Technology is one of the variables that could directly influence the business operations. The use of development in IT helps to maintain a smooth communication and operation in the organization and with customers as well. It largely influences the marketing and promotion of the products, so the say the service. The way of communication is changing to web based techniques. Hotel Costa Calero can be reached through their official website and social media such as Facebook, however their website should develop their channel, because of their discomposing appearance from their disordered outlook. The location of Canary Islands make possible to get around it by plane only. There are eight airports altogether in the Canary Islands and have an extensive network of highways. Numerous airlines established long distance flights to the islands such as its low budget known Ryanair, which is a great opportunity for those visitors who have limited budget for vacations. There are large ferryboats that link islands as well as fast ferries linking most of the islands. The increased use of tablets and smartphones is creating a convergence of e- and m-payments. M-payments are increasing at a rapid pace with non-banks slowly increasing their share of transactions. From 2011-2015, m-payments are expected to grow by 60.8% to 47.0 billion transactions. The mobile payments space is increasingly competitive, with banks and non-banks striving for market dominance and consumer loyalty. The slight slowdown in e-payments growth (from 19.2% in 2012 to 15.4% in 2013, a total of 29.3 billion transactions) has been due to a shift towards m-payments use, driven by increased penetration of smart phones and the internet, advancements in technology, and innovative products and services. Going forward, e-payment transactions are expected to grow in Europe as progress is made on the European Union’s revised Payments Services Directive (PSD II). https://www.worldpaymentsreport.com/The-Convergence-of-E-and-M-Payments The Canary Islands have been able to transfer successfully to their African neighbours their own expertise and technological developments, mainly in the renewable energy and water technology sectors, for providing basic services such as electrification and water supply services to isolated rural communities. The Canary Islands Government is deploying in the region technology parks specialising in adaptive technologies for development. Water treatment:production of 600,000 m3desalinated water per day. The first desalinating plant in Spain was inaugurated in Lanzarote in 1965. Solar energy:more than 2,500 sunlight hours per year, with a radiation of 5-6 KWh/m2per day. Photovoltaic systems operate with the production of more than 1,700 hours. Wind power:constant winds with average speeds of 6 to 8 m/s provide wind farms the equivalent to 3,000-4,000 wind hours. Geothermal energy:there are two projects currently in progress. These renewable energies can be implemented into the hotel industry to Hotel Costa Calero specifically for electricity purposes and to expand and develop it to other firms and association for variant countries. http://www.canaryislandshub.com/en-us/sectors/naturallaboratory.aspx (E)nvironmental factors This factor became important in the last fifteen years because of increasing scarcity of raw material, pollution targets, doing business as an ethical and sustainable company, carbon footprint targets set by government. These are just some of the issues marketers are facing within this sector. More and more consumers are demanding that the products they buy are sources ethically and if possible from a sustainable source. The European Union emphasizes waste management as one of the most important issue of political movement with the elementary factors such as reduction in the volume of waste generated, optimization of recycling, reuse and safe disposal. Waste treatment Waste treatment companies2 , both of urban and non-urban origin, managed 44.9 million tonnes of waste in the year 2012, which is 10.0% more than the previous year. 96.1% of the managed waste corresponded to non-hazardous category, reaching 43.1 million tonnes (10.9% more than in 2011). Conversely, hazardous waste stood at 1.8 million tonnes (8.6% less than in 2011). Of the total waste, 53.6% was sent for recycling, 39.6% for dumping and 6.8% for incineration. In total, 24.1 million tonnes of waste were recycled in 2012, the main categories being Metallic (10.1 million tonnes), Paper and cardboard (4.9 millions) and Animal and plant (2.2 million) waste. In the Canary Islands altogether the population created 44.9 million tonnes of waste in 2012, which is increased compared with the previous year with 10%. 96.1% of the gathered waste complemented to non-hazardous category, which 43.1 million tones from the total. The hazardous waste from the total was 1.8 million tons. From the total waste 53.6 % was processed in recycling mode, 39.6 % was dumped and 6.8% was incinerated. This means, in total 24.1 million tons was recycled in 2012 wherefrom the waste was metallic (10.1 M), paper and cardboard (4.9 M) and animal and plant (2.2 M). (L)egal factor The Canary Islands have extremely transparent fiscal regulations, fully approved by the European Union and Double Treaty Agreements signed by Spain. Recently, several actions have been adopted to combat tax avoidance and offshore tax As an European region, the Canary Islands are subject to the European legal system, and, as an autonomous community of the Kingdom of Spain, all the national regulations are applicable in their territory. The EU legal system has one of the highest standards of international legal security, which results in higher protection for companies based in the Canary Islands in many aspects, including data protection, free competition and financial regulations, evasion by the OECD and the G20 governments. These transparent fiscal regulations , administered by the Economic and Fiscal Regimen of the Canary Islands (REF), benefit companies through legal process cost reductions. Instead of VAT, Canary Islands use IGIC, which is an indirect tax and it makes possible to create and sustain efficient businesses among different countries that dispose with the ease and balance the isolated geographical location of the Canarias. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/activity/outermost/doc/plan_action_strategique_eu2020_canarias_en.pdf Moreover, currently Costa Calero lacks of the mobile application service, which might be advised to keep up with this technological trend.

Everyday Use Essay: Sisters with Nothing in Common :: Everyday Use essays

Sisters with Nothing in Common in Everyday Use      Ã‚   When two children are brought up by the same parent in the same environment, one might logically conclude that these children will be very similar, or at least have comparable qualities. In Alice Walker's "Everyday Use," however, this is not the case. The only thing Maggie and Dee share in common is the fact that they were both raised by the same woman in the same home. They differ in appearance, personality, and ideas that concern the family artifacts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maggie is not as attractive as Dee. She is a thin and awkward girl. Her mother notes "good looks passed her by" (88). Furthermore, she carries herself like someone with low self-esteem, "chin on chest, eyes on ground" (87). On the other hand, Dee is an attractive woman. Her mother describes Dee as having, "nice hair and a full figure" (87). Dee takes pride in the her appearance. She dresses in fashionable clothes. When Dee arrives for her visit, her mother says, "Even her feet were always neat-looking" (88).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides their appearances, Maggie and Dee have unique personalities. When Maggie is first introduced in the story, she is nervous about her sister's visit. In fact, Dee's arrival makes Maggie so uncomfortable that she tries to flee to the safety of the house (88). Maggie is also intimidated by Dee, as shown when Maggie is unable to confront Dee about the quilts. Maggie gives in and says that Dee may have the quilts because she is not used to "winning" (91). Unlike Maggie, Dee is a bold young woman (88). As a young girl, Dee has never been afraid to express herself. Her mother remembers that "she would always look anyone in the eye. Hesitation was no part of her nature" (87). Dee also shows herself to be selfish when she sets her sights on the butter churn. Dee does not seem to care that her family is still using the churn. She states that she will "display part of it in her alcove, and do something artistic with the rest of it" (90).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The family artifacts are important to both Maggie and Dee, but for different reasons. Maggie values the family quilts for their sentiment and

Gerrymandering: United States and Congressional Apportionment Essay

Congressional Apportionment is the process by which the United States House of Representatives are redistricted the fifty states following each constitutionally mandated decennial census. Each state is guaranteed at least one seat and all the other seats are divided among the rest of the states based on their population. Congressional Apportionment is important to the states because the more representatives a state has the more influence they have in the House and vice versa the states do not want to lose seats in the House. Congressional redistricting is the process of redrawing district boundaries when a state has more representatives than districts. The Senate does not take part in the redistricting process. Redistricting occurs every ten years, with the national census. Gerrymandering is a practice that attempts to establish a political advantage for a particular political party or group by manipulating geographic boundaries to create partisan, incumbent-protected districts. In order to protect incumbents and to discourage challengers by creating a district that is more populated with a certain political ideology over another to insure a politician’s chance of winning. Gerrymandering is also used in order, to enhance a political party’s strength by having a certain political parties in a district to ensure that the Democrats or Republicans win every election. The Supreme Court has placed limits on racial gerrymandering and ensuring that the districts are equally populated. Racial gerrymandering is the drawing of a district to favor one racial group over another. The Supreme Court outlawed racial gerrymandering, which prevented Southern African Americans from voting and becoming the majority. The Supreme Court also disallows majority-minority districts. The Supreme Court has also ruled that the districts must be equally populated; the districts are required to have the same number of people, so each state takes the number of people they found in the census and divides that by the number of districts.

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Introduction Scholars and business administrators agree that the activities of companies should be based on some moral judgment. Mere pursuit of profits is no longer acceptable for organizations that claim to be good corporate citizens. It is believed that business ethics and corporate social ethics should ensure that companies are managed in ways that benefit the whole of society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay is aimed at examining this claim. In particular, it is possible to argue that this requirement should be specified and limited. Businesses can benefit the entire community by offering excellent services or good. Moreover, they should eliminate or minimize possible risks to the wellbeing of the community. However, managers cannot possibly predict the effects of business activities on the whole of society since such effects may be difficult to trace. The main task of CSR and business ethics is to eliminate various malpractices that can harm the interests of various stakeholders such as clients, employees, or community. Certainly, for-profit organizations can bring some improvements into the live of the community, by creating jobs or participating in charity; however, the capabilities of companies are limited and managers should also think about the profitability and the interests of the shareholders. On the whole, one can say that business ethics and CSR should act as safeguards against various dangers, but people should not think that businesses should responsible for the wellbeing of the entire community. In this paper I would like to illustrate how corporate social responsibility and business ethics can be applied by modern businesses. The first section will examine the reasons why many companies chose to follow to the principles of CSR and business ethics. I will also speak about the stake holder theory that explains how enterprises interact with the community. The second section will discuss the role of business as beneficiaries. In particular, it is necessary to show that companies cannot always benefit the whole of society, because they should also think about their organizational performance and profitability. Finally, I will discuss more specific applications of business ethics and CSR.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The origins of CSR and business ethics First, it should be noted that such concepts as corporate social responsibility and business ethics emerged as a response to the criticism to which businesses have often been subjected by journalists, political activists or lawyers. They were supposed to reconcile the needs of businesses and the communities in which they operated. Their goal was to make companies more accountable to the commun ity. More importantly, business ethics and CSR had to eradicate various malpractices of for-profit organizations. In particular, one can mention such issues as failure to ensure the safety of workers or low wages (Morgan 2006, p. 306). Moreover, businesses are often blamed for the failure to support the needs of workers, for instance, one can mention female workers who must care about their children (Pocock 2005, p. 32). Furthermore, modern companies are obliged to think about the work-life balance of workers (Pocock 2005b, p. 198). Thus, business ethics and CSR enable businesses and employees to reach some kind of a compromise. Apart from that, companies have to respond to the pressure of governmental institutions. They are forced to respond to such issues as corporate fraud, environmental pollution, or dishonest financial reporting. Many societies have raised the performance standards for modern enterprises. Some malpractice like wage discrimination or environmental pollution are no longer acceptable either for the government or the community. Therefore, the principles of CSR and business ethics are supposed to eliminate such malpractices that can harm the interest of various stakeholders. They have to shield businesses from public criticism, law suits or governmental action. This is one of the reasons why many business leaders are favorable of CSR. Yet, it would be an exaggeration to say that they are concerned about the benefit of the whole community. Even the most ardent critics of corporations do not say that they have to bring improvements to the entire society. The problem is that the society is a very comprehensive term that includes every person living within a certain geographical area as well as institutions that have been created by the members of the community. Thus, one can ask how exactly companies are obliged to benefit the whole of society. The thing is that there is no ethical imperative requiring business to think about the wellbeing of eve ry person. Such a task is hardly possible for individuals or organizations. Certainly, one can say that companies can benefit these people mostly by providing good products or services or minimizing hypothetical dangers of their activities. Moreover, they can donate to various construction projects and even give money to the construction of roads or bridges (Banerjee 2009, p. 1555).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yet, it is difficult to argue that business administrators have to think only about the benefit of the community. They should also be concerned with the profitability of the enterprise and the interests of stockholders. Provided that they do not cope with this task, the very sustainability of many companies can be at risk. This is another argument that should not be overlooked. It should be noted that such notions as corpo rate social responsibility and business ethics take their origins in the stakeholder theory. According to this approach companies should not be seen only as isolated agents that merely deliver goods or services to clients. More likely, they should be regarded as entities that can impact a variety of stakeholders, for instance, buyers, workers, or community. It is possible to refer to such an author as Joel Bakan (2005) who believes that corporations are probably the most important institutions in the world since they shape practically every area of human life (p. 5). Furthermore, business administrators should also take into account that these stakeholders can significantly affect the performance of any organization. For instance, clients, who believe that a company neglects their safety needs, may simply use the products or services a different company. This is why corporate executives should understand that unethical practices can eventually result in the loss of profits. Corporat e social responsibility and business ethics are importance because they show how companies should interact with various stakeholders. However, CSR or business ethics do not eliminate the idea that companies have to make profits. More importantly, the promotion of public welfare must not harm the financial aspects of performance. This is why people should not assume that companies will act as social beneficiaries. This is the main issues that should be taken into account. Admittedly, managers should not regard themselves as â€Å"morally neutral characters† (Roberts 1984, p. 288). They cannot exclude ethical consideration from the decision-making process (Watson 2003, p. 169). The thing is that they can gain the trust of other employees by showing that they adhere to certain ethical principles such as integrity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, companies can gain the trust of customers by demonstrating that they genuinely care about their needs. Nonetheless, one cannot oblige them to think only about the welfare of the welfare of the community. Such a requirement will not be feasible. Thus, people should not put rely on those corporate executives who argue that they are concerned only with the benefit of the public since such claims are not always substantiated. Beneficiary role of companies and its limitations At this point, it is important to discuss some limitations of CSR and business ethics. Special attention should be paid to the ability of businesses to bring improvements to the community. However, firms have responsibilities to their stockholders who want organizations to be run effectively. The general premise is companies are obliged to create certain benefits for the community. Thus, the question arises how they should do it. First of all, they are supposed to provide goods and services that can creat e some value for people. This is probably the most important requirement and the sustainability of every company depends on its ability to create this value. Nevertheless, this requirement is a necessity, rather than a moral obligation. Businesses do not CSR or business ethics in order to remember about it. Secondly, it is possible the creation of jobs. This is one of the most important benefits that firms can bring to the society. In this way, they can improve the welfare of the population by increasing their purchasing power. However, there is a significant limitation of this requirement. The thing is that the development of technologies enables businesses to reduce the number of workers and eventually improve their cost-efficiency. In many cases, they no longer need to hire more workers. The performance of a company is assessed according to its cost-efficiency, and many organizations try to reduce their labor force and employ only those people who can best contribute to organizat ional success. Thus, business administrators are not morally obliged to think about the creation of jobs, since they should also think about the productivity. Therefore, there is some conflict between the needs of for-profit organizations and the needs of the society. In some cases, the most efficient business practices can harm some members of the community. This is the critical issue that people should take into account. If managers take business ethics and CSR to their extreme, they may endanger the interests of shareholders. Additionally, it is assumed that businesses are obliged to promote diversity and empower those people who were previously discriminated, for instance, on the basis of race, gender or disability (Strachan, French, Burgess, 2009, p. 18). One of their roles is to reduce inequalities existing in the society. To some degree, this requirement is quite legitimate because even nowadays a great number of people may be disadvantaged due to some reasons. For instance, some industries are called male-dominated; in particular, one can mention auditing industry (Jonnengard, Stafsudd, Elg 2010, p. 722). Besides, many people may not secure employment because of their disability. This is why companies should promote affirmative action which is required by legislation (Ainsworth, Knox, O’Flynn, 2010, p. 660). Nevertheless, one should take into account, businesses have to hire the most skilled and motivated candidates. HR professionals have to look at the experience of an employee, and his/her skills. They are the most important criteria. Therefore, companies cannot employ a person only because he/she represents an ethical or racial group that was previously discriminated or disadvantaged. Thus, the corporate social responsibility of enterprises has some limitations. One should expect that companies will be willing to promote social justice at the expense of their performance. Thirdly, some supporters of corporate social responsibility may beli eve that businesses should participate in charitable activities or support volunteer projects. Some organizations may be engaged in such activities, but management should also think about daily operations and expenses of a company. Thus, promotion of community welfare should not be done at the expense of efficiency. On the whole, these examples are important because they should that there are some limits to corporate social responsibility. The critics of corporations have to remember that the very existence of these corporations depends on their profitability. In this regard, one can refer to such a company as Shell that currently operates in Nigeria (Banerjee 2009, p. 1555). It has contributed to the construction of roads, hospitals or power utilities in the country (Banerjee 2009, p. 1555). Yet, it is believed that the operations of this company do really contribute to the welfare of the population. In this case, the problem is that many corporations have to work with very corrupt governments, and even when they contribute to charity, other people may not see any significant improvement because the money of the corporation will not be used appropriately. This case shows that the welfare of population does not depend only on the activities of private businesses, even if they are powerful international corporations. Surely, CSR and business ethics emphasize social performance of firms, but governments still remain responsible for welfare of individuals. It has to be their major concern. There is another reason why people should not expect that CSR and business ethics are supposed to benefit the whole of society. The problem is that this formulation is too vague; it does not describe how exactly companies are supposed to act or who they should benefit. This lack of clarity is the main reasons why many people are skeptical about the usefulness of CSR and business ethics. The problem is that too many executives often claim that their companies are responsible cor porate citizens. However, they do not tell what exactly they do in order to benefit the community. However, in many cases, their words may just be a form of pretence. This is why people should be very specific when they identify the goals or corporate social responsibility and business ethics. Specific applications of business ethics and CSR Thus, people should pay more attention to the specific applications of CSR and business ethics. As it has been said before, the main rationale for these safeguards is to create an environment in which malpractices will not be possible. In particular, one can speak about such activities as wage discrimination of workers, corporate fraud, inside trading, violation of customers’ rights and so forth. The principles of business ethics should act as guidelines for every employee of an organization. Managers and corporate executives have to make sure that the interests and rights of their stakeholders are put under threat. Overall, various corpo rate scandals highlight the need for business ethics and CSR. For example, one can refer to case of Enron (Bakan 2005, p. 23). This example eloquently demonstrates that lack of meaning ethical judgment can lead to the failure of the company and significant losses for its investors (Bakan 2005, p. 23). Thus, the principles of corporate social responsibility are adopted in order to reduce the risk of corporate fraud that may threaten investors, employees, pension funds, and so forth. Additionally, CSR and business ethics are supposed to help individuals who may be forced to act in an immoral way. As it is pointed out by High Willmott (1993) corporate cultures can sometimes become too totalitarian and a person may be pressured to comply with the decisions or values of the group even if some of these decisions are not ethical (p. 521). Some organizations may become too authoritarian and they can view stakeholders only as economic objects (Knights Roberts 1982, p. 51). Thus, business et hics is aimed at minimizing the influence of peer pressure because this influence is not always beneficial. According to the famous psychologist Stanley Milgram (1974), people are more likely to commit immoral acts when they feel that some authority figure will take responsibility for their actions (p. 21). Companies that adopt the principles of business ethics and CSR try to make sure that people feel free to express their opinions when they feel that some decisions are not ethical. Another application of business ethics and CSR may be related to the labor practices of an organization. For example, some companies operating in economically advanced countries employ very people from Africa or Eastern Europe and these individuals may be reduced to the status of slaves since they have no civil rights and they cannot refer to any governmental authority (Bales 2012, p. 12). This is the main tragedy. In his article, Bill Cooke (2003) speaks about the legacies of slavery and the practices used by managers in the ante-bellum America (p. 1895). The thing is that slavery has not been eradicated in the modern workplace. This problem can be effectively addressed if there is proper legislation. Moreover, corporate executives who adhere to the rules of ethics and CSR will ensure that none of company’s divisions is engaged in unlawful labor practices. These examples illustrate specific applications of business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Provided that organizations use them as safeguard, they can protect themselves against many risks such as governmental fines or poor publicity. Moreover, they can benefit employees, stockholders, or customers. If business administrators choose to focus on more specific tasks, the work of many organizations can be improved. Conclusion On the whole, this discussion leads to several important points. First of all, business ethics and CSR should be regarded as a system of checks and balances that have to prevent or minimiz e the risk of malpractices within the company. They should ensure that companies adhere to the principles of integrity or openness. Business administrators have to avoid any harm to clients, workers, or environment. This is the most important requirement. Certainly, they can bring such benefits as reduction of inequality, charity, or promotion of employee’s rights. However, they should also be concerned with the maximization of revenues. So, corporate social responsibility and business ethics cannot guarantee that companies strive to benefit the whole of society. This promise may not be fulfilled. Instead they should ensure that no harm is done to the community. In particular, these safeguards should protect long-term interests of various stakeholders who are dependent on private businesses. If this approach is adopted, CSR and business ethics will be much more effective. References Ainsworth, S., Knox, A. O’Flynn, J 2010, ‘A Blinding Lack of Progress’: M anagement Rhetoric and Affirmative Action’, Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 17 no. 6, pp.658-678. Bakan, J 2005, The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power, Simon Schuster, New York. Bales, K 2012, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy, Updated with a New Preface, University of California Press, Berkeley. Banerjee, S 2009, Necrocapitalism, Organization Studies, vol. 29 no. 12, pp. 1541-1563. Cooke, B 2003 ‘The Denial of Slavery in Management Studies’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 40 no. 8, pp. 1885-1918. Jonnengard, K., Stafsudd, S., Elg U 2010, ‘Performance Evaluations as Gender Barriers in Professional Organizations: A Study of Auditing Firms’, Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 17 no. 6, pp. 721-741. Knights D. Roberts J 1982, ‘The Power of Organizations or the Organization of Power’, Organization Studies, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 47-63. Milgram, S 1974, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, Taylor Francis, New York. Morgan, G 2006, Images of Organization, SAGE, London. Pocock, B 2005, ‘Work/Care Regimes: Institutions, Culture and Behaviour and the Australian Case.’ Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 12 no. 1, pp. 32-49. Pocock, B 2005b, ‘Work–life ‘balance’ in Australia: Limited progress, dim Prospects’, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol. 43 no. 2, pp. 198-209. Roberts, J 1984, ‘The moral character of management practice’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 21 no. 3, pp. 287-302. Strachan, G., French, E., Burgess J 2009, Managing Diversity in Australia: Theory and Practice, The McGrow-Hill Companies, Sydney. Watson, T 2003, ‘Ethical choice in managerial work: The scope for moral choices in an ethically irrational world’, Human Relations, vol. 56 no. 2, pp. 167-185. Willmott, H 1993, ‘Strength is Ignorance, Slavery is Freedom: Managing Culture in Modern Organizations†™, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 30 no. 4, pp. 515-552.