Entrepreneurial Self Efficacy - 1962 Words

Business opportunities are like buses, there s always another one coming. - Richard Branson, founder of Virgin Enterprises With a plethora of new ideas, innovations, skills and opportunities, entrepreneurship has become a new trend in employment across the world. It is a good way to alleviate the pressure on employment. Entrepreneurship can improve economic efficiency, bring market innovation, increase employment opportunities and maintain employment levels (Shane, amp; Venkataraman,2000). Keeping this in mind, in the recent years, universities now focus their attention to promote entrepreneurship through education so as to instill motivation, confidence, interest and†¦show more content†¦(Source: â€Å"Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and business start-up: developing a multi-dimensional definition† by DrnovÃ… ¡ek M. et al). Theories in the past suggest that education targeted towards entrepreneurship can plays an important role in developing levels of self-efficacy. A bulk of researches has been done on how education has affected the entrepreneurial self-efficacy among the students. Bandura has said that self-confidence in our abilities to successfully perform specific tasks comes from four key sources: mastery experiences, modeling, social persuasion, and judgments of our own physiological states. Thus by providing education that is focused towards developing skills and interest for entrepreneurship, can develop self-efficacy in individuals. However, this is not always true. Sometimes entrepreneurship education can also have a negative impact. Particular combination of personal, perceptional and situational factors can lead to entrepreneurship education actually decreasing the level of entrepreneurial intentions. Researchers like Fayolle et al (2006) and Brockner et al (2004) have suggested that educat ion programs can have a counter effect too. Nevertheless, my personal belief is that entrepreneurship education has a positive impact on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Earlier reviews on the entrepreneurship education reveal that entrepreneurship education should take the action-learning or experience-oriented learning approach in order to increase theShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship And Entrepreneurial Intention And Self Efficacy1580 Words   |  7 Pages 2004; Kaijun and Sholihah, 2015). The entrepreneurial intention is a commitment to twitch a new business (Krueger, 1993; Autio et al., 2001). In the regions of British and Spain investigated by Linan, Nabi and Krueger (2013) that enhancing the level of knowledge and awareness about entrepreneurship would increase self-efficacy perceptions and hence entrepreneurial intentions. No significant relationship between entrepreneurial intention and self-efficacy was noticed by (Owoseni and Olakitan, 2014)Read MoreSelf Efficacy Among Students From A University Or School1608 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Self-efficacy is the ability to encourage your-self to get things accomplished. Self-efficacy are affecting by four factors as mastery experiences, modeling, persuasion and physiological factors. The purpose behind this paper has been to gain an understanding of how self-efficacy relates to entrepreneurial performance and the concept self-efficacy, with the aim of establishing how this personal characteristic can be measured and used to forecast entrepreneurial achievement. The aim of thisRead MoreSELF EFFICACY BUSINESS PLAN Essay4753 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿ Table of Contents TASK 1 1 INTRODUCTION Self Efficacy refers to an individual belief in their personal capability to accomplish a particular group of job (Bandura 1997). This particular description is associated with self-efficacy which came from a crucial idea within Albert Bandura’s interpersonal cognitive concept, and has already been used in a variety of mental hypotheses. In neuro-scientific mindset, self-efficacy are likely involved in several hypotheses associated with inspirationRead MoreTechnical And Business Of Entrepreneurship869 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ Technical and Business Undergraduates‟ Self-Efficacy in Entrepreneurship This paper investigated how particular and business student see their ability to adjust, perform and be viable in big business. Past investigation revelations suggest that entrepreneurial objectives and exercises are impacted by individuals self-respect or self-efficacy identifying with the confidence and saw competency in business issues. Seen wellness much of the time implies data, capacities and conduct, which are consideredRead MoreThe Difference Between An Entrepreneur And A Business Owner1681 Words   |  7 Pagesto. 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They also found that â€Å"intuitive individuals’ intentions toward entrepreneurship are better explained by their self-efficacy beliefs regarding . . . theRead MoreStudent s Entrepreneurial Intention Towards Entrepreneurship Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pagesconnection, diverting intention of individual towards entrepreneurship is essential for every economy. To take into account, the purpose of this study to identify factors that may influence on student’s entrepreneurial intention towards entrepreneurship. This is conceptualized with the support of Entrepreneurial Event Model (EEM) developed by Shapero Sokol (1982). This study proposes quantitative methodology in which cross-sectional data is randomly collected from the different public sector universitiesRead MoreThe Practice Of Entrepreneurship Through Time And The Global Enterprise1642 Words   |  7 Pagesopenness and conscientiousness which afford the opportunity to develop relationships (Luca Robu, 2016). Lack of self-esteem and self-efficacy reduces the competence in decision making. Delgado-Garcia, Rodriguez-Escudero, and Martin-Cruz (2012) maintained that negative self-esteem increased negative mood and limited options. In contrast, entrepreneurs who contain self-esteem and self-efficacy alter the subjective lens and foresee options and opportunities duri ng stressful events (Shein, Crous, and SchepersRead MoreAn Organization For A Volunteer Program1036 Words   |  5 Pageswhich is taken from Module 8; that as a community developer I would argue and recommend that every organization and institution needs to have volunteer program. The application of these above topics in an organization can increase [Module 7’s] Entrepreneurial Leadership, which in turn impacts the Economic Development of the community and society at large. Let me begin with Volunteerism, Volunteering is an essential quality an organization or institution can and should exhibit, another way ofRead MoreEntrepreneurial Education And Entrepreneurship Education1511 Words   |  7 Pagesfindings demonstrate an overall agreement on entrepreneurial education and that entrepreneurship can be learned and taught to a certain extent, agreements around the entrepreneurship education curriculum such as teaching methods, appropriateness of concepts and educational course content, are not quite in unison amongst scholars (Robinson and Hayenes 1991; Kuratko 2005; Pittaway and Cope 2007; Lià ±Ãƒ ¡n et al 2011). Therefore it can be assumed that entrepreneurial education can be a step forward in impacting

Literature Review The Great Thing About It Essay

Our world as we know it is fascinating, multifaceted, and cultured because of the literary aura that has been present throughout time. Just like the people that fill our world, some literature has been hurtful, some is beneficial to certain groups and cultures, and some is for pure entertainment. However, the great thing about it is that literature has the ability to connect any form of art through the past and present. Literature has no age and therefore can speak to generations and help enlighten future leaders of communities. No matter the topic, there is always a way to connect the piece of literature, whether that be a song, poem, or script, to the conditions of society. In the lives of African Americans, this idea of literature being a centerpiece of culture has continued in the past and into the present. Writers, songwriters, and poets alike all share a commonality that unites the African American community through similar aspirations, realizations, and views of the world arou nd them. The circumstance in most literature of the past done by African Americans shares what their place in American society is like. Literature acted, at the time, as a glue that kept thoughts and morals together in the African American community in America. Today, African American culture is shared through various forms of illumifying arts that have roots given by the African American literary leaders of the past. Specifically, the â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement and forms of media creationsShow MoreRelatedAre Common Core Standards Positively Affect Student Test Scores?906 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review: Positivity of Common Core Standards A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes the information in a particular subject area within a certain time frame (The Writing Center, 2014). A literature review will almost always have an organized pattern and will combine both summary and synthesis (The Writing Center, 2014). Why are literature reviews written? The answer is straightforward; they provide a handy guide to a particular topicRead MoreSpeech Is The Effective Form Of A Culture972 Words   |  4 Pages Speech is the effective form of a culture. Poetry enhances the effectiveness of speech if it didn’t then why do communication teachers do things like have you look outside the window and write a poem about what you see in class? Poetry helps you step outside the box be more creative it allows you the chance to speak and so does spoken word which is another form of poetry that I will discuss later in the essay. Poetry was very relevant during times like ancient Greece .If you mention theRead More My Development as a Writer Essays1352 Words   |  6 Pages My English Literature major has helped me to achieve an outstanding level of appreciation, enjoyment, and knowledge of both American and British Literature. As a high school AP English student, I struggled through great works like Hamlet and To the Lighthouse. My teacher’s daily lectures (there was no such thing as class discussion) taught me merely to interpret the works as critics had in the past. I did not enjoy the reading or writing process. As a freshman at Loras, I was enrolled in theRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Experience1594 Words   |  7 Pagesapply it to the Review of Literature, making sure all the requirements are applied. I believe that I was able to satisfy my writing by my improvements in my learning skills. From minor mistakes through slow understanding of the requirements, I was able to quickly grasp the future requirements and learn what I needed to accomplish to succeed. As I learn about myself more throughout the course, I became more curious about the things I write about. I had originally accepted things as they are becauseRead MoreAnthony Burgess and A Clockwork Orange987 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is absolutely nothing you can do about it. Anthony Burgess created this world through his novel, A Clockwork Orange. Anthony Burgess was born in 1917 and died in 1963. A lot of social changes occurred during this period of time, such as: the roaring twenties, prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and many more. Burgess not only lived through those changes, but also helped influences some social changes in literature and music. 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We believe that including a literature unit on self-esteem not only boost students’ self-worth but it would enhance their performance in class and in life. In kindergarten team meetings teachers will work to coordinate ways the students will be learning about the importance of self-esteem in order to produce an authentic curriculum

Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing. Answer: Introduction Outsourcing is a type of business strategy to operate business functions. It can be a permanent or a temporary strategy to bridge the gap in staffing, to have better quality techniques and improvement in product design. This type of business practice has become popular in these days and become more controversial in the last few years. Outsourcing business functions have been a topic of interest that has been highlighted outsources employees in order to keep their companies blooming. Some businesses outsource to hire another company that specialized in the features the company may need. Outsourcing can be effective and beneficial and it means hiring a third person to perform the needs of the operation. Offshore outsourcing is when those needs are fulfilled in another country (Duck, 2006). The research in this literature review will cover the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions. The advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions will be highli ghted. After research is conducted, a professional opinion will follow as to whether it is in the best interest of the organizations to utilize this business practice. Many businesses in developed countries have been able to run their business functions due to outsourcing but lost their national jobs. As in the US, outsourcing business runs successfully but many Americans lost their jobs. The professionals are in opinion on whether this practice should continue or not. The developed countries like US, Australia, generally they outsource their business to other countries, when the jobs get out the source from a parent location to a secondary location, unemployment get created at parent location (Duck, 2006). The research conducted will help to analyse these types of conditions. Onshore outsourcing means when a company hires a business, other than their own and need specialized features (Duck, 2006). That the business is looking for the commonly outsourced areas such as business centres, gift shops, and IT services, to run by the owners or have someone else to run them. Many businesses outsource some of the functions a service offshore. Offshore outsourcing can be done all around the world. The companies outsource their functions because they need highly skilled and talent in a specific area and not have to carry them on the company payroll (Pope, Key and Saigal, 2015). For example If a person wants to install a new computer system, he might have needed one IT person and outsource beyond that. Some companies outsource to save money on expenses and wages. Generally, companies outsource for the reduction in efficiency and labour cost and for this it became more efficient to have a valet company who have knowledge of business and experienced to make this function successfully (Fariborzi, 2012). Some companies outsource to save money on expenses and wages. Payroll is the largest cost for companies. The average wage of outsourcing someone in India is cheaper as compared to the U.S. This saves companies income and this is the basic reason that country like the U.S. outsources their business to India and China. This may help to run the business for the onshore employees (Pope, Key and Saigal, 2015). Many companies realize that outsourcing the business functions may become the reason of loss in business due to quality service, language, culture. Etc. Some other companies do not outsource because they want to have full control over their own business functions (Pope, Key and Saigal, 2015). Areas those are beneficial to Outsource Onshore Face to face- The business that requires face to face and eye contact are more beneficial to outsource. The areas those are a little bit to do with the expertise of the main functions. A company must perform their own expertise internally (Patricia, 2017). Companies trained their own staff and it is beneficial to have full control over training, it helps with on the constructive critics and progressive discipline. It would be wise to keep services involving local needs onshore. For example In a hotel business, it is beneficial to have local staff, as someone who lives in a local area can only give better information regarding services provided to the guest (Fariborzi, 2012). Outsourcing business functions allow organizations to concentrate on their core business. When functions are outsourcing, it becomes easy for the organizations to deal with other functions properly (Fariborzi, 2012). For example-In grocery shop, a florist is hired for flower counter, it becomes easy for the owner to focus on the other counter as he dosed not have much knowledge regarding flower, but outsource his work to florists helpful increasing his sales revenue. Area that is beneficial to Outsource Offshore A service that takes someone sitting at a desk to help them offshore outsourcing would be better and beneficial for any company (Glaister, 2013). For example- Reservations for train tickets plans other tickets would be a good area to outsource offshore because most of the people do not meet their reservation agents. Outsourcing business functions provide an organization exposure to vendors specialized system. This specialization provides more efficiency in work performance that allows producing high quality of work and saves time. There can be a chance of cost saving when business functions are outsourced perfectly. The cost saving that includes employee compensation costs, business expenses and other costs related to production and manufacturing setup are eliminated and can be free up resources for another useful purpose (Alexander, 2012). To run production offshore in a country where the labour cost and the production cost will be cheaper is beneficial for the business. For example- U.S. has corporate taxes; this can help a company save their capital (Alexander, 2012). A company may be offshore outsourced in an area where they get cheaper material for their production. Positive Impact of Outsourcing There are various companies that enjoy outsourcing because they are not focused on human resource functions for the employees. The outsourced companies bothered about the employment aspects of the business they are providing. In certain situations, like, if the outsources employee gets ill, or some emergency occurs, the outsource company will pay the extended sick leave. The company handles the financial burden of their employees, who can perform better in their work offered by the host company (Glaister, 2013). Therefore there are various advantages of outsourcing the business functions and it became important to understand the business practice and to consider the requirement of the business. Many economists believe that Onshore outsourcing can severely hurt the image of any business, and can cause a huge customer service liability. It can be a negative impact to the company that should anything goes wrong (Globaloutsourcingagency.com, 2017). Sometimes the outsourced company and the parent company do not use the same type of communication and network process; this can create delays and wastage of time for clients. Efficiency is a high priority in developed countries and even a small delay can cause a loss of business and also affect the market image of the company (Globaloutsourcingagency.com, 2017). People in developed countries such as America, Australians are less accepting of offshore outsourcing. People want companies hiring local citizens and they dont want the non-citizen person receiving a salary check and that should be given to their own citizen people that are willing and able to do the work (Khan, 2012). Companies may in due course back out of offshore outsourcing, only because of bad public relations. For example, the companies like GM US try to maintain their public relation by creating employment for their own citizens, and for this, the company uses special word, i.e., repatriating to show the people of America that they are taking care of their employment and bringing jobs in their own country (Globaloutsourcingagency.com, 2017). Therefore, it becomes necessary for the companies to maintain the faith of their own people, which is not an easy task, but steps are taken to improve their market conditions. It is important for a business to have the best possible contract and laws abided. Laws are laws and anyone can sue to anyone, and it does not mean that an outsourced company that claims to take on responsibility cannot arise lawsuits conditions (Bucki, 2017). As nothing is full proof in outsourcing business practices and companies have to be very careful in this regard. There are many jobs and people become unemployed and lost their jobs due to outsourcing type of business practices. Developed countries outsource their business to another country, but the rate of unemployment increases in the parent company locations. This is the biggest disadvantage of this type of business practice (Bucki, 2017). In the United States economy, offshore outsourcing is the main concern and highly debated because of the unemployment in the US. If a customer call centre is outsourced to a country that has a different language, there may be problems relating to customer satisfaction, dealing with different language create many problems to run a successful call centre (Cui, 2016). Organized labour in the developed countries has very strong feeling about outsourcing to other countries that have a less standard of living and have worse working conditions (Cui, 2016). This type of opinion can impact the adverse effect that how the workforce responds to outsourcing and can affect the daily productivity of an organization. Therefore, there are so many reasons that a company should not want to outsource there can be a legal hurdles and bad public relations due to outsourcing whether onshore or offshore business functions (Lacity and Rottman, 2008). Many economists believe that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages and this type of business practice must not be considered. Many businesses do not like how it impacts their customer service. Recommendation After the study of the various advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions, a professional opinion has been made. Every business has its own features and there is the large-scale business also that required highly skilled and talented people for their business operations. Sometimes it becomes the special requirements that the company has to outsource their functions to another person or to another country. There must be a balance between the outsourcing business functional and do with their own local people (Lisle, 2003). The business that is easily operated with local employment must stop offshore outsourcing and also decrease onshore outsourcing and if expertise is not in high priorities, the business should take the opportunities to operate and learn it themselves in order to avoid unusual outsourcing. When observing for outsourcing prospects in business, an organization must pay attention to potential zones and important elements within the area to determine if the whole functions or a part of the business function should be outsourced. References Alexander, K. (2012). Why auditors and public companies need international regulation.Amicus Curiae, 2002(42). Bucki, j. (2017).Compelling Reasons Outsourcing Is Wrong for Your Company. [online] The Balance. Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/top-6-outsourcing-disadvantages-2533780 [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Cui, Z. (2016). The Impact of Switching Costs on the Outsourcing of Knowledge-Intensive Business Processes.Decision Sciences, 48(1), pp.71-107. Duck, T. (2006). Why outsource the compliance function?.Journal of Investment Compliance, 7(3), pp.67-69. Fariborzi, E. (2012). E-mail Marketing: Advantages, Disadvantages andImproving Techniques.International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning. Glaister, A. (2013). HR outsourcing: the impact on HR role, competency development and relationships.Human Resource Management Journal, 24(2), pp.211-226. Globaloutsourcingagency.com. (2017).Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing. [online] Available at: https://www.globaloutsourcingagency.com/adv.html [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Khan, A. (2012). Offshore Software Development Outsourcing Contract from Vendors Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review Protocol.IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, 2(4), pp.26-37. Lacity, M. and Rottman, J. (2008). The Impact of Outsourcing on Client Project Managers.Computer, 41(1), pp.100-102. Lisle, C. (2003). Outsource a Core Competency?.The Journal of Private Equity, 7(1), pp.72-75. Patricia, P. (2017).Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing. [online] Smart Church Management. Available at: https://smartchurchmanagement.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-outsourcing/ [Accessed 27 Apr. 2017]. Pope, J., Key, K. and Saigal, A. (2015). Nonprofit Outsourcing Patterns: Why Dont Small NPOs Outsource More?.Journal of Nonprofit Public Sector Marketing, 27(1), pp.99-116.

Journal Of Water Sanitation For Development-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Water Sanitation For Development? Answer: Introducation According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental cases (Who.int 2018). Maternal mortality is a significant concern in the modern World. The maternal mortality rates have dropped from 385 deaths to 216 deaths per 100,000 live births from 1990-2015, which is a decline of 44% of the global ratio of maternal mortality. However, this is only 5.5% of the annual rate, which is needed to achieve the maternal mortality reduction target. Maternal mortality is a significant concern, particularly in the regions of Africa. Maternal mortality rates are unacceptable in the sub-Saharan regions of Africa (World Health Organization 2015). Moreover, compared to the countries of high socio-economic status, the countries with poor socio-economic status are far more affected with respect to maternal mortality. This is because the developed countries have a maternal mortality rate of 1 in 3300, while for developing countries, it is 1 in 41. The maternal mortality ratio in the developing countries is 14 times higher than the maternal mortality ratios of the developed and high-income countries (World Health Organization and Unicef 2014). The percentage of women requiring or undergoing antenatal care has also increased from 65%, which was observed in the year 1990 to 83% in the year 2012. This is particularly high among the developing countries. Moreover, not all women receive the necessary amount of healthcare services required, particularly in the developing countries (Tran Khanh 2012). Although maternal mortality rates has decreased but more than 800 women die each day due to complications resulting from pregnancy and child birth (Haddou 2018). Both Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia contribute to significant numbers of the maternal dea ths observed worldwide (Blencowe et al. 2012). Proper family planning and sanitation are some of the interventions that can help to reduce the maternal deaths. This policy brief concentrates on the maternal mortality rates on Africa as compared to other countries and identifies the root causes of the problem. The policy brief is directed towards the Government and the participants in the culmination and application of the policy will be the healthcare organizations, non-government bodies, among others. Underlying root causes Approximately, 289,000 women die every year due to childbirth complications resulting from sanitation. Lack of family planning, results in early pregnancies, unintended pregnancies and abortions that contribute to maternal deaths (Usaid.gov 2018). Teenage pregnancies and lack of use of contraceptives also results in maternal deaths. Another case of concern is the HIV infections, which account for 40% of maternal deaths. These are some of the preventable causes of maternal mortality. Other preventable causes of maternal mortality are haemorrhage, which accounts for 27% of deaths, presence of pre-existing medical conditions that are aggravated due to pregnancy, pregnancy hypertensive disorders like eclampsia, sepsis, embolism, unsafe abortion practices also contribute to the preventable causes of maternal deaths worldwide, particularly in developing countries (Filippi et al 2016). Lack of skilled healthcare personnels, supplies and equipments prevent timely care of women going through various pregnancy or child birth related complications. Lack of equipments and skilled doctors and nurses, particularly in the developing countries also results in improper diagnosis of the complications, thereby preventing timely treatments and in turn contributing to increased maternal mortality rates. Presence of complications results in timely interventions like the use of services like administration of life saving drugs, blood transfusions, surgical interventions like caesarean sections, among others (Nnebue et al. 2014). Policy implications of maternal mortality The consequences associated with maternal mortality has far reaching effects. Studies have revealed that increase in maternal mortality results in increased rates of mortally among the children. It also results in decreased nutrition and proper education of children. Maternal deaths are also associated with social and economic crisis, particularly in the developing countries. In the developing countries like Africa, mothers are also earners of the family and maternal deaths results in financial instability, difficult management of the household, loss of education, among others. These are some of the long term consequences associated with maternal mortality (Molla et al. 2015). Some of the policies particularly in the developing countries that have been implied to reduce maternal mortality are fee exemption policy. According to this policy, delivery fees during child birth will be reduced in regions of Ghana. Along with this a method called the Rapid Ascertainment Process for institut ional deaths were also applied. It revealed that after application of the policy, maternal death rates were significantly reduced (Johnson, Frempong-Ainguah and Padmadas 2015). Some of the other policy implications are evaluation of safe pregnancy and motherhood programs, use of skilled health workers specialized in emergency obstetrics in order to reduce maternal deaths in rural areas, improvement of health facilities, helping the poor socio-economic groups get safe care delivery services in order to prevent deaths caused by pregnancy related complications, monitoring of maternal care services, se of context specific indicators to evaluate and monitor maternal health, evaluation of economic aspects of healthcare systems with the use of specific tools and enhancement of research works for further evaluation of the intervention and monitoring programs (Gov.uk 2018). Organizational interests The World Health Organization is particularly, interested in this problem of maternal mortality that is gripping the population of sub Saharan Africa. Maternal mortality in sub Saharan Africa is associated with various causes like anemia, diabetes or hypertension, mental health conditions like depression, among others. Other factors include obstructed labour, obstetric fistula are also associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality (Filippi et al. 2016). The World Health Organization along with others partners are involved in the development of tools and other measures to overcome these shortcomings. The World Health Organization also defines the roles played by unsafe abortions in contributing to maternal deaths. According to the World Health Organization, unsafe abortion is the termination of an unwanted pregnancy, either by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment lacking minimal medical standards or both. Although the maternal mortality ratios have been re duced throughout the World, the most significant reduction observed in Eastern Asia of about 72%, Sub Saharan Africa shows only a very poor decline of only 45% in comparison to others countries (Who.int 2018). The World Health Organization has given rise to a number of statistical data that have shown that 73% of maternal deaths are due to obstetric causes and 27.5% are due to indirect causes. Hemorrhage constituted 27.1% of maternal deaths, hypertension constituted 14%, sepsis was 10.7%, unsafe abortions were 7.9% and embolism contributed to 12.8% of maternal deaths in Sub Saharan Africa. Indirect causes contributed 70% to maternal deaths. Indirect causes as observed by the World Health Organization, were found to be HIV/AIDS, preexisting conditions associated with diabetes, hypertension, depression, among others (Storm et al. 2014; Black et al. 2016). The World Health Organizations millennium development goal 5 was to improve maternal health and therefore to reduce maternal mortal ity rates (Who.int 2018). However, such health strategies of the millennium development goals with respect to maternal mortality has be used to create an agenda or a sustainable development goal that can have global implications involving not only the health of women but also ensure the well being and health of all individuals belonging to different age groups (Sustainabledevelopment.un.org 2018). Overview of policies and their shortcomings Family planning policies as part of the millennium development goals to reduce maternal mortality is one of the policy options as described by the World Health Organization (Kyei-Nimakoh, Carolan-Olah and McCann 2016). This policy provides evidences with respect to multiple benefits associated with family planning. It shows the importance of family planning in maintenance of health and also for the socio-economic development of the countrys population. The policy therefore supports the cause of family planning in order to curb the health priorities affecting the current World Population. According to this policy the main benefits associated with family planning are associated with maternal mortality rates and health. Contraception reduces the number and also alters the timing of the pregnancies, which in turn has an impact on the health of the mothers as well as on the children. By increasing the contraceptive se to 10%, the rate of births and fertility are reduced, thereby resulting in a positive impact on the health of the women. Fertility regulation plays an important role in reducing the rate of maternal deaths (Adedini et al. 2015). Fertility decline played an important role, particularly in the developing countries to reduce the maternal mortality rates by 1.2 million in 2005 and by 1.7 million in 2008. The policy indicates that maternal deaths can be reduced by 30% if the women use contraceptives in order to avoid future pregnancies. The policy identifies two possible mechanisms by which contraceptives can reduce maternal mortality ratios. These include pregnancy aversions which would result in lowering the risk to the mother aged between 18-34 years and also reduces the rate of unsafe abortions. Another mechanism that was identified was that use of contraceptives results in improvements in obstetric health provisions. Moreover, other benefits that were identified involved survival and health of newborns (Familyplanning.org.nz 2018). The social benefits identified by the policy was that family planning or contraception resulted in womens education and empowerment. Greater empowerment was found to be associated with greater use of contraceptives and in turn resulted in decreased maternal mortality rates and decrease in unwanted pregnancies. A low fertility setting for women results in increase in women employment and participation in public activities, which in turn ensures brighter future. The policy also identified the economic impacts associated with family planning and indicated that such family planning interventions, particularly in the developing countries helped to reduce the health delivery service costs with respect to disability adjusted life years, maternal and child deaths. African countries, where the population is growing at a rapid rate, the World Bank indicates that such a rapid population growths results in large number of savings deficits. Moreover, the environmental benefits were also outlined by the policy, whic h indicated that population growths resulted in large consumptions of the environmental resources and also increased carbon-dioxide emissions, mainly in the least developed countries. The policy implications were identified to be positive impacts on the health of women as well as children, apart from socio-economic developments. Contraceptions help to reduce the rate of child births and also help to space the child births, thereby resulting in women empowerment as well as reductions in maternal mortality (Apps.who.int 2018). However, even though family planning helps to prevent and thereby reduce the rates of maternal and child mortality, women in many developing countries like South Africa still do not use contraceptives and as a result the number of unintended pregnancies, abortions and maternal deaths are high. Lack of proper scaling up strategies for promoting the use of contraceptives results in low usage. Other than lack of scaling up strategies, absence of maternal care facilities also results in increased maternal deaths in South Africa (Chola et al. 2015). Necessary recommendations include reduction in the costs of the contraceptives and also family planning educational programs in order to educate more women and also their families particularly in the rural areas to use contraceptives and control unwanted or untimely fatal pregnancies. Other shortcomings of the family planning policies or the reasons why the policy is failing is that beliefs of patients and providers play an important role in i nfluencing the use of contraceptives. Misconceptions present in various regions of Africa such as Uganda, with respect to the use of contraceptives also deter them from following the family planning guidelines. According to them contraceptives can damage the uterus and also can result in death. Moreover, other barriers included discussions about contraceptives to be unacceptable, provider beliefs like contraceptives can induce female infertility, unwillingness to distribute contraceptives to unmarried individuals, among others. Other barriers are limited availability of contraceptives, lack of qualified and skilled healthcare personnels, misconceptions of health risks, lack of consent from male partners and limited access to contraceptives also prevent the use of contraceptives and adhere to family planning guidelines (Uniteforsight.org 2018; Ackerson and Zielinski 2017; Celik 2016). Another policy as defined by the Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity (SHARE) implicates lack of sanitation and hygiene as well as poor access of water negatively impacts both maternal and child health (Who.int 2018; Waterinstitute.unc.edu 2018). According to this policy there is a strong correlation between maternal mortality and lack of sanitation, hygiene and water. The lack of hand hygiene has also been associated with increased maternal and child deaths. The causes described in this policy with respect to maternal deaths were poor sanitation and unsafe management of water. Evidences revealed that poor sanitation resulted in hookworm infections, which can cause anaemia and increase the risks associated with maternal deaths. Hookworm infections were also found to cause Listeria, which were associated with pre-term births and spontaneous abortions. Poor sanitation related Schistosomiasis is also associated with anemia, ectopic pregnancy and under nutrition among pregn ant women. This in turn results in poor health outcomes for the pregnant women (Campbell et al. 2015). Moreover, infections caused by poor sanitation results in obstructed labour and increased risk of maternal mortality (Filippi et al. 2016). Poor sanitation also increases the risk of pre-eclampsia, urinary tract infections, thereby resulting in negative health outcomes for women. Moreover, unsafe water can increase risks of infections associated with fecal oral routes and can also result in increased infections like malaria and dengue, which poses a serious threat to pregnant women (Minassian et al. 2013). Moreover, contamination of water by arsenic and fluorides results in still births and higher rates of spontaneous abortion. SHARE has helped to carry out research in the field of sanitation and maternal health. The policy identified a conceptual framework named the Bradley classification, which identified the risk factors associated with maternal health outcomes. This classificat ion helped to identify the risk factors and classified them into biological, chemical and behavioral mechanisms. Other studies identified in this policy brief showed that poor water sanitation is associated with increased maternal mortality rates and also indicated that poor access to safe water also contributed to increased risks of maternal mortality. Moreover, assessments carried out revealed that in Tanzania, less than one third of births take place in safe water and sanitation regions (Benova et al. 2014). Needs assessments were also carried out, which showed that poor functioning of water system, contaminated hospital beds, lack of hand washing stations had been found to be responsible for the high maternal mortality rates in Zanzibar and India (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk 2018; Steinmann et al. 2015). The needs assessment study also revealed that poor sanitation and open defecation is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The policy revealed that additional work is required to enhance the evidence base and identify the various sanitation interventions that can have a positive impact on maternal health, thereby enabling to reduce the maternal mortality rates. The policy contributed to research with respect to identifying the risk factors and in this respect helped to identify that sanitation problems and lack of access to safe water are some of the determinants of maternal health. The policy also provides recommendations that indicates the requirement of support from donors, governments and agencies. It also recommends the requirement of infrastructures, monitoring, training and supplies in order to ensure the hygiene particularly in delivery and operating rooms. Moreover, it also recommends the implementation of the WASH policy in the post 2015 development framework and also ensures that financial resourcing be carried out in order to embed WASH in core health strategies (Lshtm.ac.uk 2018). However, the WASH policy has some barriers, which prevents its success. These include lack on information, differences in mindsets, lack of coordination, lack of political and financial support, lack of demand, donor agendas, lack of service providers, lack of human and technical resources, limited access, lack of promotion, lack of cleaning arrangements, cultural factors, among others. Lack of proper information about the existing conditions of sanitation, lack of clarity with respect to institutional responsibilities in developing countries, lack of budgetary allocations, lack of skilled and disciplined workers can also result in preventing the implementations of the WASH policy. Moreover, in countries like Africa, lack of hygiene providers like local governments, NGOs, community associations and private suppliers also prevents the implementation of the WASH policy. Additionally, lack of promotional strategies also have no impact particularly in the rural population and promotional strategies are required to create links between sanitation and maternal mortality, which in turn can have an impact on the rural populations of developing countries. Developing countries also do not have community sanitation facilities, which also prevents the reduction of maternal mortality rates. Cultural factors also are potential barriers to policy implementations, which include variations of the perspectives of individuals with respect to sanitation facilities. Moreover, varying beliefs of different ethnic groups also pose a problem to policy implementations (Waterfund.go.ke 2018; Sahoo et al. 2015). Policy recommendations However, keeping in mind the shortcomings of the policies described in the above sections, certain recommendations that can be beneficial in further inducing the implementations of the policies include access to skilled care to women in developing countries before, after and during child births, training of health providers with emergency obstetrics care, increasing the supplies in healthcare centers, education of communities in order to strengthen the maternal healthcare organizations, skilled technicians who can assist in child birth and manage complications in rural areas, increase in funding from Government and non-government organizations, among others (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2018). Other recommendations involve promotion of sanitation and family planning strategies on a large scale, particularly in rural areas and also monitor the services provided by the healthcare centers. Moreover, misconceptions can be removed by utilizing members from local communities in promotional programs in order to obtain the trust of the individuals with respect to the health promotion programs. Women supervisors should be included in the promotional programs so that the women in developing countries and various rural areas can talk about their problems, which is otherwise not possible in the presence of male counterparts. Education and empowerment of women is also essential as these would help the women to lead healthy lives and also help them to keep their families free of diseases. Finally, it is necessary to make maternal health a global health concern and embed it in all health-related programs whether national or global (Apps.who.int 2018). Closing paragraph Thus, maternal health is a serious concern and it should be noted that prevention of maternal mortality is essential in order to prevent negative impacts on the society, family and the economy of a nation and the World in general. Various policies have been applied that helps to curb the consequences of maternal mortality. Although maternal mortality rates have declined in the recent times but still various developing countries are still trying to cope from the maternal mortality issues. One of the most affected regions of the World that is affected by high rates of maternal mortality and also have shown least progress with respect to reduction of maternal deaths are the sub Saharan regions of Africa. Various barriers are also present that prevent the implementations of policies. As a result, various promotional and intervention programs are needed in order to prevent maternal mortality. 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