Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Jack Kerouac’s On The Road
The ideas presented in the novel about life, beliefs, different feelings, and the kind of harassers depicted shaped America's youth culture for decades and the book became a sort of icon for this generation. On the Road provoked a change in the consciousness of the country. As Kerouac friend, William Burroughs, wrote, ââ¬Å"It sold a trillion Levies, a million espresso coffee machines, and also sent countless kids on the roadâ⬠(Change, 2007). Moreover, Kerouac book was also used as a gulled for several people In their road trips.In this essay, I will try to examine the way in which On the Road gives voice to the new social attitude which emerged after the publication of the book and it is known as the ââ¬Ëbeat' generation. The novel seems to promote a series of revolutionary values against the official conventions of America. In this way, traditional family values of responsibility, morality, religious ideas and working hard -as the family portrayed in Capote's In Cold Bloo d- are oppositely represented in the novel. Dean Mortality refuses to assume the social responsibilities that society imposes upon him.He Is with two women at the same time, so he Is not faithful to his wife. Moreover, he leaves his wife and children and goes on the road without worrying about their welfare. He Is very Irresponsible and because of him many people suffer. An example to Illustrate this would be noon have absolutely no regard for anybody but yourself and you damned kicksâ⬠¦ â⬠(Kerouac, 1972: 182). Besides, both Dean and Sal are always short of money but they do not care about it and go on the road anyway. They do not have a permanent Job or work hard to keep the Jobs they get in some cities they arrive.Although, Sal writes book and tries to sell them, he is always has to ask her generous aunt to send him money. Then, both Dean and Sal have another philosophy of live, they want to have fun without responsibility and they do not care about American rotational v alues. Therefore, the novel presents a detachment from the American conventional society. This detachment from American traditional values created a new social attitude, depicted in Kerouac novel, which showed restlessness and dissatisfaction.The These people were idealistic and yearn for something more than the conformity of a prosperous society, which had became flourishing after the World War II to turn into one of the most powerful countries in the world. In the novel we can see how the characters go on the road because they are not satisfied with their lives and desire to get freedom. In that way, we can see the road as an open path which gives freedom as well as thrill of movement. With these Journeys, the characters also reflect the Joy of being young and alive, with no money in their pockets but no obligation either.A part from traveling, characters seem to vindicate the use of drugs, drink, sex, and music since these are the most characteristic things of their trips. These also help them in the search of the release they are looking for. Moreover, crossing the country in that way was only possible because at that time there were many motorways due to the prosperity of the country and cars began to e accessible for more people. In the novel, we can see how the car represents the consumer society of the time and how the characters do not fit into it.For instance, Sal made his first travel to the West by hitchhiking because he does not have money. Later, in another travel, Dean bought a new car -although he does it with all the money he had saved, leaving his wife without anything. This is something very important because for them the car is their dream of freedom. They can go wherever they want without depending on anybody, that is, without hitchhiking. However, when Dean picks up Sal for the first time with his new car, Sal realizes that it was already broken: ââ¬Å"The radio was not working.It was a brand-new car bought five days ago, and already it was brokenâ⬠(Kerouac, 1972: 111). In addition, we can also see this consumption in other aspects such as when Sal goes to the opera and wears a friend's suit. He feels on the top of the world (Kerouac, 1972: 51). Another aspect that we can see in the novel is that Dean and Sal go on the road since they yearn for new experiences which can contribute to their personal development as individuals. For them, life is a process and they want to find its meaning.They do not stop moving because they feel the necessity to do so. Several examples to illustrate this can be ââ¬Å"we were performing our one and noble function of the time, moveâ⬠(Kerouac, 1972: 127); ââ¬Å"the road must eventually lead to the whole worldâ⬠(Kerouac, 1972: 216). Traveling on the road also gives the characters self- knowledge and even maturity. Then, moving seems to be a necessary tactic for survival. This is connected with the fact that the real Journeys turn to be inward journeys for each charac ter. This is better seen in Sal Paradise.He seems to be searching for something since his Journeys are like quest for values or beliefs. He mess to get it while he is on the move, but the moment he stops, he wants to come back. He does not find what he is looking for. For instance, the first time he arrives San Francisco, after having wished going to the west a lot, he feels lonely and he wants to come back. He does not find the ââ¬Ëparadise' he was looking for and so he has to keep moving. Society. He feels lonely, restless and depressed. He is also afraid of falling in love: ââ¬Å"a girl like that scares meâ⬠(Kerouac, 1972: 214).He described himself as ââ¬Å"l like too many things and get all confused and hung-up running from one falling star to another till I dropâ⬠(Kerouac, 1972: 120). It seems that Sal is disappointed about America. When he arrives at San Francisco he realizes that the continent is not big any more, there is a limit: ââ¬Å"we can't go any fart her 'cause there anti no more landâ⬠(Kerouac, 1972: 161). Or when he tries to sit on the banks of the Mississippi River he cannot because the access is blocked with a fence (Kerouac, 1972: 141).The freedom and well-being he is looking for at first is represented by the West, which is also a symbol for future, prosperity and renovation. It is also associated with the traditional idea of the American Dream. On the other hand, the East is considered old, stagnant, intellectual, and he does not want to belong to that. The more Sal is reaching west, the best he feels: â⬠it was getting better as I got deeper into Iowaâ⬠(Kerouac, 1972: 20). Therefore, there are two sides of everything: American West which can either fill the spirit and be the epitome of loneliness.It all depends on his emotional state. This view changed as long as Sal has grown as a character. He learns that East is also sweet (Kerouac, 1972: 222) and that there is wilderness in the East too. He becomes s trong, confident and in love. On the contrary, we cannot see this self-development in Dean and maybe that is the season why towards the end of the novel there is a detachment between both characters. Their positions have changed. Dean is incoherent and lost. However, the character of Dean Mortality became a sort of hero for this generation.Dean's arrival put everything into motion. He is full of energy, very masculine; he has impulsive passion; he represents what Sal is not. He symbolizes the pioneering instinct, the spirit of the west, idea of moving west to get freedom. So he is the personification of Gal's dream of the west. At the beginning he is seen as a sort of prophet (Kerouac, 1972: 38) but this is broken towards the end. As I said before, he is very irresponsible, even a con-man and almost a delinquent as he stole cars Just for fan.Victor, the Mexican man, is the first man to refuse Dean's attempt to follow him onto the road. His moral obligations to his wife and child are clear to him. He represents the morality Sal is in search of. Therefore, although the novel seems to celebrate the character of Dean Mortality, he is a questioned hero. To conclude, I have been talking about how Jack Kerouac On the Road inspired a new cultural phenomenon, which was known as the ââ¬Ëbeat' generation. I have pointed UT what I think the most relevant evidences are to show the way the book presents this new social attitude.
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
A Literature Review on the Proton Saga FLX Automative Relay Box Cover
2.1Automotive relay box screen The merchandise chosen for this survey is relay box screen from Proton Saga FLX. A relay box screen are manufacture by utilizing injection modeling procedure. The map of this screen is to avoid the H2O from flow into the relay portion that located in goon of auto. Basically, the fictile portion of automotive usage plastic from thermosetting household. The polypropene ( PP ) stuff was choose to utilize in this undertaking. Figure 2.1: Automotive relay box screen 2.2Material Polymer is a larger category of stuff that consist many little molecule known as monomer. In make up one's minding to increase the quality in merchandise that produce in plastic industry, many manner is discover to increase the quality of merchandise. Type of fictile stuff is a 1 of solution in green goods a good quality so if take a incorrect stuff will do the quality of merchandise lessening. 2.2.1Polypropylene [ PP ] Harmonizing to Tripathi ( 2002 ) polypropene ( PP ) was found by G. Natta by following work from K. Zeigler by the polymerisation of propylene monomer in 1997. Polypropylene is manufactured by add-on polymerisation and in group of semi-crystalline thermoplastic. After last four decennary, polypropene is fictile stuff which is 3rd largest consumed after Polyethylene ( PE ) and Polyvinyl Chloride ( PVC ) . Figure 2.2: Polypropylene ( PP ) construction. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/ra/c4ra01232a Advantage of polypropene ( PP ) :Low cost technology plasticsGood chemical oppositionGood detergent oppositionGood weariness oppositionHigher opposition temperatureGood hardness, stiffness, strengthDisadvantage of polypropene ( PP ) : The chief applications of polypropene ( PP ) in different market sectors in table below:sectorTypical applicationsAutomotive industryRadiator enlargement valve, battery instances, tool boxes, bumper screens, splash guards, maneuvering wheel screen, side stripsFamily goodVideo cassettes, baggage, bottle caps, nutrient processor lodging, bowls, pail, playthingsDomestic contraptionsServe washer parts such as top frame, cellar, bath, extruded gaskets, H2O canal, etc. Refrigerator parts such as boxes, containers, shortss, canal, recess and mercantile establishment pipe Microwave oven cabinet, chainss and java shaper organic structure partsElectrical applicationsCable covering, overseas telegram yokes and antenna constituentsTable 2.1: Polypropylene ( PP ) in different sector. Beginning: Tripathi ( 2002 ) 2.3Injection Modeling Nowadays Injection casting is one of largest used in fabricating procedure by utilizing thermo-polymer and thermoset as stuff for fiction. A assortment of merchandise are manufactured by utilizing injection casting procedure because of flexibleness of merchandise end product. There are some of our day-to-day used merchandise that industry from injection procedure. For illustration compact phonograph record, toys, car bumpers, nomadic phone lodgings and tiffin boxes. Harmonizing Shin and Park ( 2013 ) the procedure of green goods some merchandise is requires three things which is injection-molding machine, natural plastic as a stuff, and cast in ( figure 2.3 ) . Injection casting is a reiterating procedure or cyclic procedure. Harmonizing Kennedy ( 2008 ) Injection modeling consists of four chief phase to finish the procedure to bring forth some merchandise in ( figure 2.4 ) . Figure 2.3: Injection modeling machine. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.custompartnet.com/wu/InjectionMolding Figure 2.4: Four chief phase in injection casting procedure. 2.4Gate Gate placement is a chief of successful of injection modeling procedure. Gate is a like a valve for liquefied polymer through to the cast. The map of gate is really of import in injection modeling procedure to acquire a good quality of merchandise. Gate should be located at country that have less use emphasis in portion and at where decorative non really concern. If we choose a incorrect gate location the merchandise will do low quality and besides the defect will happen on the merchandise. The proper gate location can maximise quality of merchandise besides it can avoid defect to happen. Harmonizing Beaumont ( 2006 ) for gate locate at margin in a cast, more prefer use two-plate cold smuggler system. In extra, three-plate smuggler system can be used on gate that locate at inside margin. Thickness of portion is one of job in make up one's minding location of gate. Normally merchandise have fluctuations in thickness which is thin and thick portion in one merchandise. The gate must be locate at thick portion foremost compare to thin portion. This will minimise existing of defect in merchandise such as sink and nothingness at thick part and besides uncontrolled of shrinking job. During make fulling procedure the thin portion will freeze-off anterior comparison thick portion. Logically, more force per unit area must be supplied to come in the cast if gate locate at thin portion and besides chance all pit to thick portion will be blocked because of flow of melt plastic already freeze. This will ensue shrinking at thick portion besides voids, sinks, and emphasis. The bing residue emphasis will take to warpage job in fictile portion. The location gate chosen must be in this standard Beaumont ( 2006 ) :Gate must be locate at thickest portion or subdivision ( To avoid sinks, shrinking, warpage and nothingnesss. )To guarantee unvarying filling and packing gate must turn up at balance flow waySee weld line on critical subdivisionLocate at ease topographic point or subdivision for degating procedureThe gate grade should non desert the visual aspect of merchandiseGate location will supply a type of gate will usedFocus on length of flow through cast ( to guarantee adequate force per unit area to make full cast )Know the maximal value force per unit area of clinch tonnage/mold can be coveredThe size of gate besides must be concern to acquire a good quality of merchandise. Gate size must be start by smaller size foremost and increase the size until a proper wadding in pit cast bend to constant. The form of merchandise besides ensuing in choice of where gate will turn up for better quality. For 3-dimensional form ( box or cup ) more prefer gate locate at centroid of cast. This will ensue the radial flow form on portion and the filling procedure more easier besides low defect will be. In the ( table 2.2 ) below show recommended forms and location of gate.characteristicGambar dalam buku how to do injection casting Tgk Defense Intelligence Agency punya ayat balikCentric gateSmall surface to volume ratio of round cross subdivision reduces heat loss and clash.Difficult machining operation in both mold halve needed.Centric place renders separation more hard and may necessitate station operation.Gate promote jettingBizarre gateThe bizarre place of the gate installations of machining.Ease of demolding and separation from casting is another advantage.gate opening aligned to a wall impedes gushingTable 2.2: Recommended forms and location of gate. Beginning: How To Make Injection Molds-Menges and Mohren ( 1993 ) Some merchandise will confront blush grade because of portion of the frozen tegument flow with melt plastic into pit during injection procedure. After the unwanted stuff jet into pit it will do gushing this stuff non remelt in the stuff that jet into pit. Beaumont ( 2006 ) said that gushing go on because of high speed from restrictive gate jet the stuff that non yet melt. To get the better of this job by follow the guideline for gate design feature in the ( table 2.3 ) below Menges and Mohren ( 1993 ) .Gate designCharacteristicGambar Tukar ayat sekaliGate should be positioned in such manner that no jetting can happen doing troublesome grade ; melt must encroach in wall or other obstruction If gate is machined merely into one cast half, cold ââ¬Å"skinâ⬠may be carried into pit. This besides consequence in bloom Markss. Redress: a particular cold bullet good accepts cold stuff.Centric location of gate with disconnected passage and rough walls prevent conveyance of cold surface bed. Radius at passage causes laminar flow of thaw into pit and prevent jetting.Table 2.3: Guideline for gate design characteristic. Beginning: How To Make Injection Molds-Menges and Mohren ( 1993 ) The optimal size of gate depend on:Mold temperatureMelt temperatureVolume stuff to be injected into the feelingModeling wall subdivisionThe flow feature of the stuff to be mold.2.4.1Type of gate The chief intent of gate is to link smuggler to model pit during injection procedure. So gate have many type to carry through a different cast to accomplish a good form and quality of merchandise. Basically there are three common type of gate that normally used in injection casting procedure Crawford ( 1998 ) :Sprue gatePin gateSide gate Figure 2.5: Three common type of gate normally used. Beginning: Plastic Engineering by Roy J. Crawford ( 1998 ) 2.4.1.1 sprue gate 2.5Cast Cast can be defined as a portion that act as to determine fictile stuffs. The major map cast to reassign as topographic point that melt plastic will reassign into cast to organize a coveted form and chuck out when thaw plastic bend to solid. Mold consist of nucleus and pit. Basically the pit side is a side that melt plastic will flux to cavity side from nose. Core side maps as defining and besides as expulsion system after melt fictile solidify. 2.5.1Single pit cast Process production of big portion normally differ with little portion in injection casting. Rees and Catoen ( 2006 ) said that big portion are molded utilizing individual pit cast. The production of larger portion are frequently non required in a larger measure. In extra, the building of individual pit cast usage simplest building with a simple injection method and simplest expulsion portion. Figure: Single pit cast. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ellmanbooks.com/sale-3136731-custom-single-cavity-plastic-mold-hot-cold-runner-injection-molding.html ) 2.5.2Two home base cast 2.5.3Three home base cast 2.6Variables in injection casting There some of variable that will play importance function in happening of optimal parametric quantity in injection casting procedure. The value of this parametric quantity will impact the quality of merchandise if non to the full function decently. Harmonizing to Rosato ( 2000 ) incorrect input of parametric quantity puting will take to quality of merchandise bad besides the preciseness will diminish besides will increasing the cost and clip of production. Four type of variables will used in injection casting procedure:The injection force per unit areaThe wadding force per unit areaThe mold temperatureThe thaw temperature2.6.1Injection force per unit area The injection force per unit area is a most of import parametric quantity in successfully present a thaw plastic to whole mould portion. The thaw plastic is force through the nose and present to model infinite. The job during bringing of thaw plastic, the stuff fast cooled if contact with mould surface will traveling and it causes defect if fictile non filled decently with adequate force per unit area. If force per unit area low the thaw plastic non fulfilled mould infinite and high force per unit area besides can do overpacking on merchandise. 2.6.2Packing force per unit area Packing force per unit area is a force per unit area that map to avoid a thaw plastic flow back out of mold infinite during injection modeling procedure. Packing force per unit area besides act as secondary force per unit area phase. 2.6.3Mold temperature Mold temperature is one of of import to see in during injection modeling procedure. Temperature of cast are of import in concluding portion that required surface of merchandise smooth and in good status. If mold temperature low, it will do melt fictile hard to make full besides lead to increasing of injection force per unit area. The cast with higher temperature will cut down emphasis in cast while make fulling procedure and the surface coating will better. 2.6.4Melt temperature Melt temperature known as temperature of fictile stuff to run before injection procedure. A to Higher temperature will do polymer will alter their belongingss. Melt temperature will consequence on the viscousness of thaw plastic that will through mold infinite by bringing system.ParameterValueInjection force per unit area100-130 MPaPacking force per unit areaMold temperature15-65OCMelt temperature230-275OCTable 2.4: Parameter of injection casting for polypropene ( PP ) . ( Beginning: Rees and Catoen-Selecting Injection Molds ( 2006 ) ) 2.7Defect Plastic injection casting is an effectual industry in production of plastic. In industry universe, the merchandise green goods are non in one hundred per centum ( 100 % ) in good quality production. Even in injection casting procedure besides have a same job in quality of merchandise based on defect occurred. 2.7.1Weld line Weld line normally occur during the mold filling procedure when thaw plastic flow in mold form and recombined at terminal of pit or downstream location. The surface of merchandise will look like cleft of the shaped portion and if many weld line exist in merchandise it will considered low quality merchandise. The presence of weld line ever occur in plastic cast production and it will failure the merchandise if used in structural applications due to diminishing strength at weld country. Weld line can split into two ( 2 ) types which is butt dyer's rocket and meld dyer's rocket. Butt weld occurred when thaw plastic going with antonyms way and meet. Other weld line exist when involve extra flow when thaw plastic have recombined in mold pit. This dyer's rocket called meld dyer's rocket. But most normally exist dyer's rocket is butt dyer's rocket because it cause most jobs. Figure: formation of weld line. ( Beginning: Santa Clara University ââ¬â Engineering Design Center ( 2006 ) ) Gambar butt dyer's rocket and canasta line Harmonizing Malloy ( 2010 ) the weld line exist can be overcome by consider in procedure:Increase thaw and cast temperatureIncrease velocity of injectionIncrease clip and retention force per unit areaMold design must be recheck2.7.2Shrinkage Shrinking occurred during chilling clip. Shrinking happen when thaw plastic flow in cast that indirect contact with cold cast. Harmonizing Beaumont ( 2006 ) shrinking have many job and it may impact the warpage, residue emphasis and portion size. In other words, shrinking is a volume decreases as plastic cools and solidified. Pressure of expulsion to take portion from nucleus of cast will increase because of shrinking because alteration in form or warpage. Figure: Shrinking exist at thick portion lead to warpage job. ( Beginning: Santa Clara University ââ¬â Engineering Design Center ( 2006 ) ) Malloy ( 2010 ) said shrinking can be avoid by:Keeping force per unit area must high plenty but low plenty to avoid of over packing go on that can take to high degree residue emphasisPreferable gate at thickest subdivision foremost compare to thin because it enable packing at thick subdivision. Thick portion hard to chill and pack because its return longer clip to chillFrom Beaumont ( 2006 ) , the shrinking can be observe by utilizing different type of stuff and itââ¬â¢s for mention intent merely in considered shrinking defect. Table 2.5 at below show the type of polymer shrink way flow and it mean shrinkage value.MaterialThickness consequence induces shrinkingAverage additive shrinkingmidst ( 3mm + )thin ( & lt ; 3mm )Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneisotropicparallel*0.0043Personal computerisotropicparallel*0.0057PSparallel*parallel**0.0035Polyvinyl chlorideperpendicular*perpendicular*0.0044HDPEparallel*parallel**0.0234PPisotropicparallel*0.0133NYLON 66perpendicular*parallel**0.01 62Definitions: Parallel- polymer shrivel more analogues to way of flow Perpendicular- polymer shrivel more perpendicular to way of flow Isotropic- additive shrinking independent of flow way *Low degree of orientation consequence **Medium degree of orientation consequence ***High degree of orientation consequenceTable 2.5: Type of polymer shrink way flow and mean shrinking value. Beginning: Beaumont ( 2006 ) 2.7.3Sink grade Sink grade are imperfectnesss of the merchandise that exist during injection procedure. Rees and Catoen ( 2006 ) said that during injection procedure, hot plastic through the thick portion in cold cast wall. The thaw plastic to the wall and solidify foremost while melt plastic fluxing in cast. This causes melt fictile hard to finish fill in pit and causes of bing sink grade. Sink mark expression like a little hole or depressions. Normally appear at intersections of rib and wall or at thickest subdivision. Figure: Sink mark exist on plastic. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.reblingplastics.com/quality.htm ) The option to get the better of:Increase injection force per unit areaIncrease cast temperatureReduce injection velocityAir trapAfter injection procedure, the thaw plastic will get down excessively solidified in the cast. The air occurred during chilling phase because of air trapped in liquefied plastics. This will make an empty infinite within the portion and consequence the quality of merchandise. The solution to get the better of this job by increased the keeping force per unit area. 2.7.5 warpage 2.8Design of experiment ( DOE ) Mention[ 1 ] DRM Associates, 2007.Injection Moulding Glossary. [ on-line ] Available at: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.npd-solutions.com/injectmouldglos.html & gt ; [ Accessed 5 September 2010 ]P. K. Kennedy,Practical and Scientific Aspects of Injection Molding Simulation, chapter 2, Technische Universities Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2008M.C. Huang and C.C. Tai, ââ¬Å"The effectual factors in the warpage job of an injection-molded portion with a thin shell featureâ⬠,J. Mat. Proc. Tech., vol. 110, 2001, pp. 1ââ¬â9. D.V. Rosato, M.G. Rosato, ââ¬Å"Injection casting handbookâ⬠Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sabic-ip.com/gep/Plastics/en/ProductsAndServices/ProcessingUsingIMDDetail/mold_temperature.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //mould-technology.blogspot.com/2007/12/injection-molds-classification.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.my/books? hl=en & A ; lr= & A ; id=nxYuCCGQ7Z0C & A ; oi=fnd & A ; pg=PP2 & A ; dq=Crawford, +R. , +1998.+Plastic+Engineering, +3rd+ed.+Oxford: +Butterworth+ % E2 % 80 % 93+Heinemann & A ; ots=ZtSIW48je8 & A ; sig=sKQ9yVYTxsXYqQ2cS ââ¬â ohC4Pq_g # v=onepage & A ; q=type % 20of % 20gate % 20 & A ; f=false ( roy j. Crawford )hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dc.engr.scu.edu/cmdoc/dg_doc/develop/process/physics/b3500001.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.reblingplastics.com/quality.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.dc.engr.scu.edu/cmdoc/dg_doc/develop/trouble/weldmeld/f6000001.htm
Monday, July 29, 2019
Retail Services in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Retail Services in China - Research Paper Example In the raising of high transaction expenditures due to market imperfections, it is normally cheap for multinational corporations (MNCs) to do their businesses in new marketplaces by their inner business structures as opposed to depending on the markets. Derived from a case study of Coca-Colaââ¬â¢s entry option into China, this study tests the applicability of internalization assumption to revealing the entry choice of Coca-Cola Company into China. This theory discloses the financial rationale, which was main reason of Coca-Colaââ¬â¢s transformations in their entry choice as it changed from franchising to joint ventures (JVs) with significant local investors, and more currently to the combination of franchising and JVs. When a multinational corporation or company (MNC) gets into new markets, it is fairly costly for it to do business activities owing to high transaction expenses (Mok, Dai & Yeung, 2002). These expenses take in the ones arising from the problems of opportunism, uncertainty, small share of market agents and limited rationality (Williamson, 2002). Williamson (2002) quarreled that the transaction charges of executing, implementing and writing contracts through the market exceed the expenses of internalizing the market. The matter is further exacerbated when the business transactions comprise of multifaceted contractual incidents (Williamson, 2002). Therefore, it seems that an MNC will opt to set up wholly owned subsidiaries (WOSs) to cope with market defects (Williamson, 2002). Except for the choice of WOSs, there are other frequently used modes, as well, like joint ventures (JVs). Anchored in various studies of Coca-Cola in China, this study assesses the usability of the internalization theory to elucidate the entry mode option of MNCs in China. Coca-Cola in China has been considered as the study firm for numerous reasons. First, it is the globeââ¬â¢s largest cola manufacturer and one of the prime MNCs (Williamson, 2002). Secondly, the corporation has a fairly long history of venture in China, since 1979, when financial reform was executed under the de facto management of Deng Xiaoping. Thirdly, going through intense rivalry from its close opponent, Pepsi-Cola, as well as a strange and extremely versatile market environment, Coca-Colaââ¬â¢s skill, accomplishment and endurance, in securing a huge market share, in China, makes up a motivating case by which effects might be studied for the comprehension of MNCsââ¬â¢ entry into the Chinese market through creating equity joint ventures (EJVs) (Mok, Dai & Yeung, 2002). Fourthly, there are just two significant earlier studies on Coca-Colaââ¬â¢s operation in China: PU-TU-USC (2000) and Nolan (1995) (Mok, Dai & Yeung, 2002). Rooted in an encompassing survey of the companyââ¬â¢s bottling plant in Tianjin, Nolan (1995) did the initial comprehensive study of the micro-economic effect of just one Coca-Cola plant in the country. He argued that the firmââ¬â¢s business structure, in general, has encouraging effects on the labor development, product markets and rising capital in China. This study corresponds to another large-scale research done by a team of economists at Tsinghua University, Peking University and the University of South Carolina (USC) (PU-TU-USC, 2000) (Mok, Dai & Yeung, 2002). Derived from an input-output model, the three institutions estimate that the financial effects of Coca-Colaââ¬â¢s venture, as well as recurrent operation, comprising of the downstream (distribution) and upstream (suppliers) business associations, in the Coca-Cola business structure, in China, formed an overwhelming 414,000 jobs, 1.2 billion yuan of tax payments and 21.7 billion yuan of output in 1 998 (PU-TU-USC, 2000; Mok, Dai & Yeung, 2002). Regardless of this priceless information brought out by the above studies, there is no precise literature giving theoretical foundation for the entry mode option of Coca-Cola in our concerned country (Mok, Dai & Yeung
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Ideas and Imagination on Wallaces Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Ideas and Imagination on Wallaces Poem - Essay Example He writes with his brain, he uses his intelligence in making a poem. The reality for him is the physical world around him. He will just put the spirit of his imagination. He tends to seek for a root and made the fruit be the real thing. His mind analyzes everything, as he puts his ideas about the subject he is pertaining to in the poem. He made mazes, confusions, and his imagination will lead you into a different answer. Just like on when answering a riddle. But the answer is already in front of you. He made poems on a very nice and simple way. Though he uses nice vocabularies which are very beautiful and artistic. His imagination will just turn around with the subject He does not go into something new, but always with the literal thing. He will just view things on its physiological aspects. He focuses more on the spirituality of the object. His works are amazing as it occurs in a logical manner for it will twist up your mind because of the deep vocabulary art that he does and the maze assembling of scenes and situations. For your mind will think of anthing that will suit his view and ideas at first but you wouldn't know that it was the very thing you know already. He is unto the real objects but reader's are just leave on a maze of thinking of what was the author is pertain to.
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Expansion of the Atlantic World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Expansion of the Atlantic World - Essay Example One of the leading factors that led to the expansion of the Atlantic world was the interest of European entrepreneurs to establish colonies in the new world. Majority of the merchants were moving to new regions seeking to establish colonies that would concentrate on agricultural production. These merchants had seen the benefits of growing sugar in neighboring islands. Sugar plantations on these islands were proving very productive. They were zealously seeking new regions to establish sugar plantations. The triangle travel in the Atlantic sea seemed to favor their intents because it allowed them to move to new regions expanding the new world. Sugar was the most significant crop in the Atlantic world. More merchants needed to venture into growing of sugar after witnessing its potential economic benefits. It is worth noting that the drive to establish colonies came because of the introduction of capitalism. The theory and practice of capitalism was a new thing that drove majority of the merchants to seek every opportunity of being able to establish an economic centre. The rise of mercantilism thinking brought about the idea of capitalism (Evans and Ryden 222). Capitalism emphasized the process of increasing wealth for each nation through economic colonies. The drive to establish capitalism was strong as it translated to power in the European setting. Nations that established more colonies were powerful than those who did not venture into expansion. Each of the nations struggled to establish new nod different trade opportunities in order to increase the national total wealth and power. Even when they moved to new regions, European nations embarked on a vigorous scramble for new territories. It is in this venture that the Europeans established colonies in America. In addition, slave system is one of the crucial factors that hastened the pace at which the Atlantic world expanded (Searing 27). With increasing demand for labor, the Europeans initiated a salve trade tha t provided cheap and continuous labor in most of the American colonies. Slave trade helped most of the colonies succeed increasing the flow of goods in most of the established colonies. Shipping of colonies was from Africa to the American colonies. Slaves formed part of the triangle trade that exported raw materials from America to Europe. The Europeans, driven by the capitalist expansion indulged in manufacturing of goods. These goods targeted the market in Africa. Shipping of slaves occurred from Africa to America to work in the colony plantations (Evans and Ryden 25) Religion was another factor that led to the expansion of the Atlantic world. there was a religious revolution in Europe that led to the oppression of the adherents of some religions. On moving to new regions, they found new economic ventures. Some moved to establish new religious converts to the new world but indulged in trade later. Some of those motivated by religious factors also caught up with the capitalism spir it. The religious revolution was an opposition of the powers of the archbishop in Europe at the time. In the spirit of creation of new economic ventures, European settlers reached North America in 1620s (Mancall 20). After their arrival, they set out to establish colonies in the region. The first of these settlers arriving at Plymouth were Protestants. These endured hardships in North America and their persistence attracted other settlers to start
Lessons Learned of the Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Lessons Learned of the Vietnam War - Essay Example The Vietnam War serves as one of the most dominant and influential international conflicts appeared after the Second Great War (Mahajan, 2003) on the horizons of the world, encompassing the Far East in its fold, and leaving an indelible impact of its horrible consequences in the entire region as well as on the rest of the world at large. Started during the climax of Cold War (Arora 2002) between the then two strategic Super Powers i.e. the USSR and USA, the war lasted for twenty long years from 1955 to 1975, and ended in the heavy losses of men and material of the invaded Vietnam as well as the complete humiliation and degradation of the invader USA eventually. Although, the American administration and forces applied every possible strategy and even military brutality on the country, particularly the Mai Lai catastrophic massacre (Fallows 2009) , yet the defensive state, along with its forces and masses belonging to this small Far East state of Vietnam, did not surrender one single i nch of their territorial boundaries; at last their exemplary fortitude, unflinching will-power and unabated determination forced the US military might to surrender and hence paved the way for the cessation and exit of the American troops from their country at last. The Lessons America Learnt:The analysts, since the aftermath of the Vietnam War onward, remained engaged in making investigations of the causes behind the failure of the US mission in a country, which apparently looked a very easy target, though turned out to be a hard nut to crack; even its population, economic position and military force was far lesser in comparison with the American might. Consequently, discovering the chronicles of events that turned the US invasion over Vietnam as nightmare for her had turned to be a moot point to be discussed at every forum for the future years to come. One of the most fatal mistakes committed by the invading country was sending a huge army of almost 3 million US men and women thous ands of miles away from their fatherland in order to fight a foreign soil just for stopping the advancement of communism from entering the northern part of Vietnam (Anghie 2007).5 Actually the US foreign strategy remained revolving around creating certain impediments on the way to the advancements of Communist Russia; in order to keep an overwhelming majority of the world sovereign-states under the US influence and economic subjugation as well.6 Consequently, protection of her economic system capitalism served to be the most vital issue for the Americans, for the security of which the US leadership dragged the military personnel into a certain inferno, which cost the lives of over 2.5 million people on both the warring sides eventually (Kalyvas & Kocher 2003). Hence, the Americans fought a fruitless war hundreds of miles away from their home in order to tame a small Asian state by wasting a huge amount of dollars for a useless pursuit. It is therefore the USA has assured the least c hances of the occurrence of deaths
Friday, July 26, 2019
Similarities And Differences Between The Scientific Method And The Essay
Similarities And Differences Between The Scientific Method And The Religion Method - Essay Example Myths generally are stories that seek to answer the questions of who we are as human beings, and our purpose in the world; myths also seek to answer questions on the origin and the nature of the world. Examples of myths in religion are the creation myths and the hero myths. The sacred time refers to the time when the sacred manifested. Every religion has sacred time and sacred time is considered a very important element of religion. Examples of the sacred space are the Hindu Temples, Christian Cathedrals, and the Islam Mosques. Having looked both at the definition of religion and also at the phenomenology of religion, let us now look at mysticism, as the methodological heart of religion. The mysticism proceeds through drawing conclusions from general and abstract premises, while the scientific method proceeds through drawing conclusions from specific and empirical data. Many fundamental truths in religion are perceived through mysticism. Looking at the similarities and the differences between the religion method and the scientific method, I am not sure which is most fundamental. This because on the one hand, the similarities between the two methods of knowledge seem quite significant; and the two methods seem complimentary in helping us to know the world and ourselves better. On the other hand, the differences also seem quite fundamental because the two methods of knowledge are based on completely different methodology, the mysticism method uses deductive method while the scientific method uses the inductive method.
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Search desktop computers suitable for Quarkxpress and Pagemaker Assignment
Search desktop computers suitable for Quarkxpress and Pagemaker - Assignment Example The name of the members of the team and its assigned task appears below:Miss Jane Lumantas, System Administrator together with Mr. Joel Mar Escudero, and Mrs. Shiella Michelle Pino submitted a report for the recommended computer specification that would fit the applications QuarkXpress and Pagemaker. This was based on the intensive study of the two applications.No computer with specifications lower than the recommended specifications shall be purchased. This will be strictly followed to prevent future ineffectivity that might result from using the lower specs computers.To ensure the purchase is worth the price, we need to contact various computer stores for price comparison, support services like warranty period and training, freebies items. Comparison shall be presented on graph and each item will be provided with detailed explanation which will be the basis for choosing how, where, and when the purchase will be done. Below is the system requirement of the QuarkXpress Application 1QuarkXPress is a powerful design and page layout software with an intuitive, versatile interface that lets you combine superior typography with color and pictures to produce dynamic final output for print and Web
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Cosmopolitanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Cosmopolitanism - Essay Example In this reference, the cosmopolite has some advantages that might include personal and political emancipations and freedoms over less economically privileged individuals. The philosophical significance in cosmopolitanism lies in its challenge to generally recognize attachments to fellow-citizens, parochially shared cultures, the local state, and the like. In Ancient Greece the term Cosmopolite meant citizen of the world. The opus of the Greek term, cosmopolis, already indicates this unsolved stress: cosmos, an accepted universal order, is related to polis, society's inconsistent order. As a result, from the Greek democratic city-state to the international village, the idea of cosmopolite has been disturbed by questions such as whose world this actually is. Can the forces of homogenous external expansionist exist harmoniously with the heterogeneous localized ones A truly cosmopolitan answer would imply a permanent interest in difference and the recognition that internationals and locals depend on each other in order to exist. Since its beginning, cosmopolitanism has been a category marked by a need to negotiate with "others" and has reflected tensions between local and regional realities, ethnocentric and relativist perceptions, and particularism and universalism. Historically, cosmopolitanism has reflected the ideologies of different periods and modes of integration to larger, colonial or global, political units. As a category mostly held by elites, it often means the sophistication that results from familiarity with what is diverse. It has become an allegory for mobility, migrancy, sensitivity and forbearance to otherness, independence from specific authorities, and transcultural and intercontinental realities and claims. Its opposing concepts have often indicated racism, fixity, parochialism, restricted sovereignty, and commitment to a motherland or a nation-state. The history of the relationships between local and regional conceptions is old as human race. A strong inclination towards local reality, particularism, variety and context may oscillate, such as at the end of the Renaissance or during the Enlightenment, towards highlights on general formal timeless statements that pretend to be universal. Having its roots in Ancient Greece, cosmopolitanism has been disconnectedly present in western philosophical or political deliberations. The military conquests of Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) opened up the situations for the existence of a "world empire" that supposedly aimed at uniting East and West into an enlightened commonwealth. Greek became the lingua franca of the Hellenistic age (4th - 1st century B.C.), an age that lasted until the institution of Roman hegemony. Although cosmopolitanism was a subject for Greek philosophers before Stoicism, this school of philosophy established in Athens by 300 B.C. systemized cosmopolitan theories advancing revelations such as that of a world city, an ideal state where everyone would be a resident. Stoics were active in assessing Greek ethnocentrism towards barbarians and promoted a sense of brotherhood, a vision of humankind that was conveyed to Romans and predated Christianity's claims to universalism. Cosmopolitanism passed on to different political and intellectual elites from the Roman Empire through Medieval Europe. The Christian church played a chief role in the reproduction of cosmopolitan ideals and apparatuses by shaping two or more cultures sacred imagined
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Globalization - Assignment Example Clearly, the author locates much emphasis on the favorable side of globalization notwithstanding how competition would fare somehow if allies prove to struggle with success. Implicitly, the idea felt it would bear adverse impact on working class as a consequence of the necessity to increase production, with long hours of work and reduced time for break hence. Without guarantee of additional compensation, Fiat may run the risk of losing employees especially the tenured ones who have lived up to align their type of service and principle with the companyââ¬â¢s vision and have accomplished goals on every item with unparalleled quality. Though the article appears enthusiastic with Mr. Marchionne to keep an eye on a 50% rise in sales in four-year time, since shareholders are bound to augment their share from either group or grow in number, Fiat might reach a point of obtaining lesser shares or dissolution of ownership at worst (Madslien). So in essence, globalization for Fiat in this overwhelming scenario amounts to moderate predictability on the positive side until such time that the risk factors could be directed to settle at the manageable advantage by the
Monday, July 22, 2019
A Theoretical Vision of Community Essay Example for Free
A Theoretical Vision of Community Essay Introduction and overview of a theoretical vision of community The following document outlines the defense of my theoretical vision of community. It will address the extent to the vision is informed by my particular beliefs and understandings regarding the nature in which a society can more efficiently function. It will also delve into some of the perspectives of communitarian vision in relationship to this particular theoretical vision, and will look into areas of human personality and agency as mechanism for the success and failure of past and future visions of community. The document will also address some of the more intricate theories of knowledge and moral truths, as well as the details of logistics as to how such a community will function in a democratic fashion. Priorities on rights and morals within the community will be addressed, as well as the general systems of social welfare. The concept of equality will be introduced as a force within this envisioned community, and will be analyzed in terms of its meaning within this vision of community. This vision of community will base itself mainly on Conservativism and the visions of group behavior and community from such philosophers as Allen Bloom, Alasdair MacIntyre and Russell Arben Fox. My particular theoretical view of community is quite simple to state, and yet very difficult to enact. It is a view that believes that the human experience is not sustainable if one only works towards individual liberties. It is important to understand the web of relationships to which we all belong. These webs can consists of our relationship to the environment and the earth, our relationship to our local and global community and our relationship to our families, friends and other social networks. By understanding the complex webs of existence that determine the human condition, we can begin to conceptualize a community that is sustainable. Currently we are functioning within a paradigm of an unsustainable collective reality. My vision of community perceives of a group collective whose members dedicate a minimal amount of attention, energy, and resources to projects that uplift the collective. This brings up one of the other principle understandings in my envisioned group. It is that the exclusive pursuit of individual interests, rights and freedoms places an enormous burden on the social and physical environment. Individual rights and freedoms can only work within the greater paradigm of the collective reality that encases it. And so, my vision recognizes the need for human rights and the existence of human agency, while at the same time it recognizes the existence of the human collective. In this sense, my vision gives equal rights to the collective experience as to the individual experience. When considering the state of institutions and organizations in America, one must reconsider the notion of community and morality within a group paradigm. I envision a theoretical community based on much of the resurgence of communitarian ideas. Disturbing trends towards crime and social disorder, as well as an all-prevailing attitude that gives emphasis towards self-affirmation and self-interest. Communitarian ideas focus on restoring integrity in human community efforts and institutions, especially in the administrative and localized realms. Within communitarian studies, one can begin to perceive a renewed interest in a community that fights for basic ideals regarding the human individual character, integrity, and the virtues and values which manifest themselves in the public sphere. My vision of community calls for the embodiment of communitarian ideals and policy approaches which begin at the micro-level of the human individual experience, branching out to the macro-level of cultural and institutional development. The basis of the vision involves a union of individuals committed to becoming the change that they wish to see in the world. This involves the education of good personal conduct and personal responsibility, a notion that has unfortunately seeped out of the basic frame of reference of many individuals of our modern time. This theoretical vision of community is based on a more Conservative approach to the philosophical notion of morality and human decision-making, as well as the functioning of society as a unit. An important aspect of this theoretical vision for society is an idea that as individuals can work as communities that assert moral standards for conduct, we can reduce a reliance on costly government programs. In an economic sense, there is an underlying moral standard for conduct as well, as the individual may think more towards empowering a group of people instead of his own personal interests for gain. In this sense, the theoretical vision for a community is an optimistic take on the nature of the human being as a capable individual for decision-making, given the right education and values. It is true that humans tend to act in selfish ways, but through the creation of community there can be a mental shift whereby the individual can begin to open in awareness. This opening in awareness comes from the direct experience of the benefits involved in creating a society based on cooperation of common goals for the common good. This can only be ingrained into the mind of the individual through the actual experience and practice of living in a community that strives for the common good. Similarly, the modern 21st century society has inspired the mind to search for individual and immediate satisfaction. The communitarian approach considers itself to be the ââ¬Å"essential optimistic view that has animated Americans throughout our history.â⬠[1] I agree that communitarian policy has brought forth positive change in the creation of social and community awareness, as well as the creation of social action that works towards reversing the trends of self-interest alone. If I had to adhere to one particular form of Communitariansism, it would be the Ideological approach to social wellbeing. This approach bases itself on a perceived observation of deteriorating social networks, and an attempt to correct that deterioration by increasing social capital. In my vision of community social capital can be increased by observing what Robert Putnam calls the collective value of all social networks and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other. To directly quote The Responsive Communitarian Platform: à à à Many social goals . . . require partnership between public and private groups. Though government should not seek to replace local communities, it may need to empower them by strategies of support, including revenue sharing and technical assistance. There is a great need for study and experimentation with creative use of the structures of civil society, and public-private cooperation, especially where the delivery of health, educational and social services are concerned. The role of the human individual: agency and personality in the community vision The Communitarian approach focuses mainly on the advocating of social capital and the furtherance of the community through an agreement on particular values and morality choices. In my vision of community, this is also one of the strongest aims for the collective. And yet, within that collective import, my vision also holds space for the acknowledgement of human free will, personality or agency. If one creates an ideological or theoretical vision based only on an awareness of the social collective, one misses the duality that exists between the individual and the group as a paradigm of human existence. It is important to understand that human agency is still the motivating force behind all collective vision. Without the personality of the individual, groups would merely consist of collective drones marching to the beat of the loudest drummer. The collective vision of social capital resurgence can only function against the greater backdrop of human individual change and awareness. And so, the basis of this paradigm of collective change is one that acknowledges the need for individual education and the evolution of self. The great irony is that many libertarians or freedom and rights advocates believe themselves to be ââ¬Å"free,â⬠when actually they are merely working within a different paradigm that limits the development of the individual. Allan David Bloom notices this irony in his groundbreaking work The Closing of the American Mind. ââ¬Å"The most successful tyranny,â⬠he states, ââ¬Å"is not the one that uses force to assure uniformity but the one that removes the awareness of other possibilities, that makes it seem inconceivable that other ways are viable, that removes the sense that there is an outside. (p. 249) Bloomââ¬â¢s ideas on human agency and social control are based on preserving certain philosophical truths for later generations. His book is a critique of the contemporary university, and yet we can find within in it the even greater critique of American society. He believes that modern liberal philosophy was responsible for the crisis, stating that the notion that ââ¬Å"a just society could be based upon self-interest alone, coupled by the emergence of relativism in American thought had led to this crisis.â⬠This belief embodies the heart of my vision for a communitarian-based social reality. Here we can clearly see how while the recognition of self-interest, personality and human agency exist and are important, it is through the creation of a solid commitment to the well-being of the whole that the human agency of action can be stimulated to put energy and effort into that ideal. And so, the vision entails a training of the human agency, an education of the individualism and self-interest that, if left unchecked can lead to the social crisis and the void of spirit that we find in America today. In his critique on American universities, Bloom discusses this void of spirit. As it now stands, students have powerful images of what a perfect body is and pursue it incessantly. But deprived of literary guidance, they no longer have any image of a perfect soul, and hence do not long to have one. They do not even imagine that there is such a thing. (p. 67) Bloom discussed how the failure of contemporary education has lead the modern human being to be stunted in the development of self. Modern life in America offers us all the promises of material gain and monetary success, yet these are small mundane offerings being misrepresented as ââ¬Å"success.â⬠The search for commercial gain as the most highly valued element of the human life has poisoned the human soul. I am therefore in full agreement with Bloom that the individual must be educated to search for philosophic truths and self-awareness. In this sense, a huge part of the community vision involves the commitment in each and every individual towards the search for higher truths beyond self-interest and material gain. Macintyre and a theory of morality My theoretical vision of community resonates with the writings of Alasdair Macintyre and his belief that ââ¬Å"the best theory so farâ⬠for understanding human morality is the tradition of Thomistic Aristotelianism. Macintyre worked within the tradition of virtue ethics, which states that the most effective way of determining human morality is to actually look into the habits, virtues and knowledge surrounding how one actually lives their life. I am attracted to this particular understanding of moral reason because it resonates with my belief that it is more important to ââ¬Å"beâ⬠and ââ¬Å"do,â⬠than to merely come up with lofty ideals that remain in oneââ¬â¢s speech and not in behavior. This approach is so elegant in that it focuses on how to make the most out of an entire human life. Many other theories focus on specific issues such as gay rights, abortion, womenââ¬â¢s rights and religious debate, but in my vision of community, these issues are merely symptoms of the greater problem. It is more important for each human being to focus on their own good judgment than on the issues that society is debating upon. By focusing on good judgments, meaning honesty, not creating ill will, working to have good speech towards others, non-violence, etc., one creates good character for oneself. The underlying morality of my community, therefore, is not based on anything that any one agency or institution ââ¬Å"decides upon,â⬠but is wholly based on the virtues of life that enable good behavior to emanate naturally from individuals committed to integrity. MacIntyre, who bases himself on the Aristotelian idea of an ethical teleology, believes that right and wrong are more important than the formal rules that attempt to encourage them. MacIntyre emphasizes the need for a community of individuals committed to the highest good. These individuals must be engaged actively in the ââ¬Å"practiceâ⬠of what he calls ââ¬Å"goods of excellenceâ⬠rather than any commitment to some exterior moral agent. This, once again, fully parallels my own understanding of an ideal community, whereby the ââ¬Å"proof is in the puddingâ⬠of individual action, not within the individual need for rights. Universal morality and truth My vision of community is based on the belief that there is in fact a universal objective moral or truth. At the same time, I am not claiming that I myself can outline what those universals are, nor can I explicitly define a notion of moral truth, but as the saying goes, ââ¬Å"I know it when I see it.â⬠Truth is an experience whereby ones witnesses and experiences. When I speak of morality and value systems throughout this document, it is important to mention that I am not referring to any hard-coded set of rules to be used indiscriminately by force, but am referring to the instilling of values within the individual that actually allow them to become more free. Freedom, in this sense, refers to becoming a more peaceful, aware human being. A part of this peaceful nature entails not harming others, or oneself. And so, when I refer to the education of youth, it does not mean an indoctrination of a group of people, but more an opening of the mind, so as one becomes less and less focused on the individual success, and more and more focuses on the good of all beings. In this sense, I do adhere to the existence of truth as a human universal. This human universal is that we are all looking to lead a life which reduces human suffering, and increases a peaceful existence. The tactics and recommendations provided herein are merely stepping stones to reach that greater freedom. Tradition and traditional values The role of tradition in this vision of community is only tradition-based if that particular tradition works in adherence to the ideals on community up-lifting and the advancement of virtue. Only traditions have the capacity to inspire a community to move forward should be given precedence. Traditions, no matter what ethnic or racial background they come from, are only valuable if they are steeped in the wisdom of the collective reality. This means that traditions that are self-centered or and driven by greed should be avoided. Traditions that work towards special interests of a few very powerful should be ignored. This means that if one were to analyze the current American government or economy, one could determine that much of the tradition of the capitalist society is based on the search for individual material gain. In this sense, the tradition of laissez faire economics and capitalism may be a tradition that could be remedied. On the other hand, there are many American traditions which are based on the spirit of community which should be given space for growth. The value of family and friendship networks, the emphasis placed on spiritual and religious adherence, and the feeling of patriotism towards the country (not government), could be considered as positive traditions. And so, tradition plays a role in my vision of a community inasmuch as the tradition can prove to play a correlating role within the greater scope of the vision. In another sense, my vision of community does take a more conservative approach to ethical matters, and in this sense, may be considered to be steeped in ââ¬Å"traditional values.â⬠Such values include the notion of family, parenting and education. In order to instill a sense of values and morality into the human individual, it is important to start with the new generations. In this way, it is the responsibility of parents to instill certain values of moral education and integrity into their children. This is done by setting an example, not through words alone, but through actions. I believe that most children today are being given an education by teachers or from the mass media. This is an unfortunate fact. The examples that parents are giving it one of the mass consumer, obsessed with acquiring the next technological advancement, or purchasing the latest designer clothes. Most parents are products of the individual-based society. They are so focuses on themselves, that they forget to remind their children of the importance of the greater social reality. Other parents who are less selfish are under huge societal pressures to make enough money to keep up with the current standards of living. These parents, while they may have the desire to educate their children in a good way, simply do not have the time and flexibility to attend to their moral and educational duties. Once again, children are left to be educated by under-paid, over-worked teachers and even worse, the mass media. In my vision of community, workplaces play a crucial role in reestablishing some of the more ââ¬Å"traditionalâ⬠values involving family life and parenting. Parents, particularly those with young children, need to be given the opportunity for more flexible work schedules. For the sake of the upcoming generations, parents need to be present at the educating forces in the childââ¬â¢s life. Programs such as paid and unpaid parental leave, flextime, shared jobs, opportunities to work at home, and for parents to participate as volunteers and managers in child-care centers, are an integral part of the more traditional vision of family and child education. Furthermore, there needs to be a shift in the collective conscious on how we value parenting. Child raising needs to be given new precedence as one of the most important things that a human being can ever endeavor to attempt. Also, continuing with an adherence to traditional values, it is important that human individual have support with the raising of children. It has been consistently shown that single parent households often have a more difficult time in raising children. This is not to place a moral judgment on single parents, but is just to say that women or men who are left to be single parents should be given more social support due to the sheer lack of resources that they have. Schools represent one of the main areas where the establishment of good morals can be ensued. Because the American family has become so weak, the capacity for parents to provide proper education has been greatly impaired. Schools now play the major role in the character formation of the next generation. Therefore, in the envisioned community, not only do parents and communities play a role in proper education, but also educational institutions would recognize the incredible role that they play in shaping the moral education and value system of students. Tolerance, equality and the creation of peaceful idealism How can a school teach value systems without getting involved in religious issues on morality? Once again, we can come back to the principals discussed earlier in the document, on universal truth. I feel that no one in the community would argue with an organization that teaches us to work for the dignity of all human beings. Nor would anyone be inclined to argue with the teaching of equality, respect and tolerance. Human equality is the highest virtue of this perceived theoretical society. All persons should be treated as equals, and the discrimination of any human being is unacceptable. Of course, these are lofty ideals but we must have some sort of ideal that we can try to work towards. In this sense, we must create an arsenal of peaceful idealism. Peaceful ideals include a peaceful resolution to conflicts. Violence, in any form, should be avoided. Basics such as lying, stealing and killing are universals to be avoided. One could also state that a democratic government which fosters participation from all citizens could be considered as one that works toward peaceful idealism. Totalitarianism and authoritarianism are not. Equal pay for women and men, as well as equal pay for all ethnic groups is another part of peaceful idealism. Much in the same, this ideal can be applied to globalization as well. With the onslaught of the widely spreading mass media and rapid forms of travel and communication, we must also extend our idea of the collective to include the global collective. These same ideals, because they are not religious or culturally or even politically based, can be applied to any group of people. The nature and scope of democracy Like Robert Putnam, I believe that social capital is a key component to building and maintaining democracy. The political setup of society today is a false democracy. The perceived democracy of American society today is actually the an oligarchy of a few very influential, powerful, wealthy corporations. In my envisioned community, there would be much more local participation in politics. Ordered liberty, rather than unchecked, unlimited individual and corporate license would be obtained not through force, but through the cultivation of education which is based on shared values. These shared values are not limited to any particular culture, but are universal values that assure a respect for one anotherââ¬â¢s rights. In the same, the democracy is based on policies that are accepted as legitimate by the social reality, not policies that are imposed through force. Any political policy that works through force will only be successful at masking the problem. The government of my community would be a real democracy, representative and participant democracy that was responsive to the needs and realities of all community members, regardless of race, gender or religious background. This can be done by creating ways to make citizens of the community feel that they actually have a voice within the decision making process, whether by direct vote or by fostering programs for wellbeing and education. An important part of a democracy is the diffusion of information to the population of citizens. Government needs to be transparent. Similarly, corporations and governments alike must modify their practices to reduce the role of private money, special interests and corruption. Voting is another method for keeping the community constituents involved in the decision making process, but it is not the only method. Being involved in non-political activities such as community volunteering and relief efforts, or social work and fundraising is another way to affect change on the community and be responsible members of society. Economic responsibilities include paying oneââ¬â¢s taxes to enjoy social works. Justice In the words of Bloom: The most successful tyranny is not the one that uses force to assure uniformity but the one that removes the awareness of other possibilities, that makes it seem inconceivable that other ways are viable, that removes the sense that there is an outside. (Closing of the American Mind, 249) Law may prescribe that the male nipples be made equal to the female ones, but they still will not give milk. (Closing of the American Mind, 131) The following quotes embody my vision of the creation of collective community in regard to its attitude towards justice. Law and justice systems are only affective inasmuch as they are working towards the truth, or the embodiment of the human universals and peace principals. The justice system of this theoretical society must therefore work towards correcting behavior through education and persuasion. Most methods of the current justice system involve either coercion or through the fear of punishment. This simply masks deeper hidden social ills. What we end up with is a nation full of costly prisons and uneducated human beings, rather than programs which foster education and reasoned judgment.à The realm of justice lies not in unrestrained individual freedoms, nor in harsh governmental control, but in the balance between the two: the communitarian social space. Social justice is one such area of understanding in the community space. This involves the notion of reciprocity. All members of society feels that it is indebted to the collective, just as the collective society feels that it is indebted to its members. In order for social justice to exist, all members must feel a responsibility towards the community effort. Individual rights and responsibilities towards the collective My vision of community gives priority to the ââ¬Å"goodâ⬠for the collective over the rights of the individual, only if the collective good is something that has been agreed upon by the social reality. This means, the ââ¬Å"goodâ⬠has been determined by individuals that are clearly searching for higher truths and values in their lives. These values are based on the uplifting of others as a social collective. This approach embodies the need for balance between the rights of the individual (which it also recognizes) and the responsibility that the individual has towards the collective. This means, if the individual is given a plethora of rights, then there must be an exact correlation of strong responsibilities at hand. In this sense, the age-old saying, ââ¬Å"To whom much is given, much is required,â⬠rings true. If I am committed to ensuring the best for the collective, and I am responsible for looking out for the social well-being, the certainly I am an individual that can enjoy many rights. On the contrary, if I am a self-centered individual, only looking out for my own material gain, my rights need to be limited, as I am certainly likely to do grave harm to the social collective. My vision of rights and the collective good is based on a belief that contemporary society has been too liberal in bestowing rights and individual autonomy. This has come at the price of individual and social responsibility. That said, there are many rights that all individual should have. This includes basic human rights like the right to good healthcare, education, a safe living environment, and basic employment. These are rights that all human beings are entitled to. It is of utmost importance to mention that my vision of community, while placing much emphasis on the collective good, does, in no way, place disregard on human rights. I am of the firm belief that the more and more one works towards collective responsibility, the more one can enjoy the rights and freedoms that one is entitles to. Simply bestowing rights to uneducated, self-interested human beings is no freedom at all. Rights and freedoms are only freedoms according to how each and every individual uses them. And so, all individuals in my theoretical vision of community should enjoy a clean environment, public education and works programs, as well as equality under the law. And in this sense, the community or society works at maintaining the delicate balance between individual rights and the collective enjoyment of agreeing upon certain individual limitations. Many critics of a more conservative, non-liberal approach to the philosophy of community cite the First Amendment as an important right. I believe that the First Amendment is an incredibly important right, but that also we should consider the rights of the victims of such a right. Take for example an extremely racist, sexist person. If they have complete freedom to speak their minds, they are doing so at the cost of the wellbeing of others. In a sense, their freedom is incurring on the freedom of the victim of their words. Imagine that that individual is a member of a college campus, and that his words spark an onslaught of sexist and racist behavior on campus. In this case, a college-wide program educating individuals on the benefits, logic and rationale behind having a more tolerant mind state would be helpful to the community by promoting inter-group understanding. This is an example of how we can work to create awareness, understanding and tolerance as morals and values of the highest level, without sacrificing the First Amendment. This can occur because there are some universals of truth that all humans can live by. And so, we should have complete freedom in all sense, if and only if, that freedom does not cause harm to another being within the collective. This is an aspect of the human universals that have been discussed in his document, and is the cornerstone of the greater vision of my view of a theoretical community. Social welfare I believe that the government should not be the sole institution to provide social welfare programs. This involves caring for the sick and elderly, the homeless, the poor and for new immigrants. I believe that we should work as a community to address these problems on a local level, and that government should only intervene if our social systems (as small collectives) fail. Big government programs have proven time and again to be costly and inadequate at meeting the needs of specific local levels. à In the case where it is absolutely necessary, nationwide programs could be established. But once again, I believe it to be much more effective to work to affect change on a micro-level first. This means that social welfare should be attended to by families first. By educating people more and more, there will be less need for the national government to have to intervene. This is a positive step in actually giving individuals more freedom of choice in their lives. By giving the national government power to create social welfare programs, we are actually taking more and more power out of the hands of the local constituent communities. Social goals regarding welfare can be achieved through a partnership between local groups and institutions. A creative use of structures of both civil and private society could be used to create health, education, and social care systems that empower individuals at a local level. Community and excellence of character Russell Arben Fox speaks of a communal authority in his essay, Activity and Communal Authority: Localist Lessons from Puritan and Confucian Communities. While not very fashionable in todayââ¬â¢s modern Western society, Fox urges us to look at some of the lessons we can gain from the communal spirit and the goals of excellence of character in both Puritan and Confucian communities. Both cultures work at understanding human arrangements based on ideals of behavior that work towards a moral character or a universal ââ¬Å"worldviewâ⬠for correct behavior. As we move more and more towards a more relativistic globalized macro culture, we are losing the role of the overarching harmony that must exist within the global ââ¬Å"melting pot.â⬠We are so focused on relativism and cultural differences that we attempt to function as a collective within a chaotic collective mindset. The notion of harmony in Foxââ¬â¢s work is a pivotal part of my own idea of peaceful idealism and human universals. And while I do not agree with either Confucian nor Puritan communities on their ideas of authority, I do believe that contemporary society could learn very valuable insights into their ideas on boundedness, interconnection and harmony. The, Confucian understanding of communal harmony could be easily applied to the justification of the new trend towards localism in the face of mass globalization. Confucian and Puritan understandings are an attempt at arriving at some of the universals that have been discussed through the paper. My vision of community is contingent upon the notion of excellence of character, and it is within this paradigm that all other aspects of society fall into place. But how can we arrive at this Confucian harmony, this excellence of character for the greater social whole? Excellence of character is based on a human dignity and the respect for all beings. I believe that by instilling this value into humans, we can arrive at a responsive community that will be the best form of human organization possible. Self-inquiry is a huge part of the process, and in this sense, human agency is very important to maintain social wellbeing, but at the same time, shared deliberation among the people is also pivotal. My vision of peaceful idealism and human universals may seem utopian. But how can we being to make a better world if we do not first create an ideal or an utopia with which to work towards? This cannot be achieved through authoritarianism and coercion, but through genuine conviction of change within the individual. My vision may seem utopian, but quite frankly, I believe that it is the only hope for a movement towards peace and wellbeing in the world. The global community, on both a global and local level, must work towards programs that deal with the pressing problems that threaten our lives as human beings. More and more we are plagued by war, environmental degradation, social and political unrest and technological breakdown. It is my belief that through the education of collective responsibility, individuals may actually begin to heal some of the great psychological, emotional, social and physical stresses that they are under. And so, the theoretical vision of community is one that is based on a renewed commitment to the social space, a renewed commitment to human rights and equality, and a new commitment to discovery and healthy intellectual debate on human truths and universals. Within this healthy debate, we can hope to achieve a greater understanding of not only the human individual experience, but also the collective one. Resources à Bloom, Allan. 1987. Closing of the American Mind, New York: Simon Schuster. Fox, Russell Arben. Activity and Communal Authority: Localist Lessons from Puritan and Confucian Communities. Friends University MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981, 2nd edn. 1984. MacIntyre, Alasdair. The MacIntyre Reader. (Knight, Kelvin (ed.)) Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998. Putnam, Robert. Communitarianism, National Public Radio, February 5, 2001. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 143. [1] The Communitarian Network, Responsive Communitarian Platform Text. http://www.gwu.edu/~ccps/platformtext.html
Social Networking Essay Example for Free
Social Networking Essay Social networking sites such as Friendster, Linkedin, Spoke, Face book, MySpace and Twitter all vary slightly, yet the one main feature they have is that they enable users to create a profile within the website to represent themselves and allows uses to interact through email, instant messaging and other integrated communication channels within the site (Papacharissi, 2009). The popularity and growth of social networking sites over the past five years has been colossal, as many people from all over the world join up to this social phenomenon for varied reasons. Today, there are more than 500 million active users on face book and users spend over 700 billion minutes per month on this social networking site (Facebook, 2011). As the technology of Web 2. 0 improves and advances, social networking sites have an even bigger impact on society and human relationships, both positive and negative. This paper argues that social networking sites have a negative influence on children, teenagers and adults, increase the ease and prominence of cyber bullying, increase personal insecurities and feed addictions and weaken strong personal ties. This paper also argues that social networks create distraction and decrease productivity and profits within the workplace and can also can jeopardise a companyââ¬â¢s reputation. Social networks also increase the ease of identity theft and bring to light other privacy issues as well as lead to an overall decrease in our face to face social skills and confidence. This paper will demonstrate that social networking sites do cause more harm than good. Identity Theft Identity theft is a huge problem in todayââ¬â¢s society and has come about as a result of the rapid expansion and availability of internet technology and the increase in personal data found on social networking sites. In fact ââ¬Å"A total of 806,000 Australians aged 15 years and over were victims of at least one incident of personal fraud in or identity theft in 2008â⬠(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Sites such as MySpace, Facebook and Twitter facilate identity theft in two mains ways. The first being is that sites encourage you to ââ¬Ëedit your profileââ¬â¢ this includes adding your interests, full name, where you live, who your top friends are, your email address and even personal details like your phone number an relationship status. ââ¬Å"Users share a variety of information about themselves on their Facebook profiles, including photos, contact information, and tastes in movies and books. â⬠(Jones amp; Soltren, 2005). This information disclosure causes a huge problem as the more information you have on your profile the easier it is for identity thieves to verify themselves as being you. The second main issue is the privacy settings on these social networking sites also help faccilate personal fraud. Whilst there are built in features that allow users to change their privacy settings and not allow other users to view such personal details, these settings are never default, so that users are usually unaware how much information they are sharing not only with their friends, but with the rest of the world ââ¬Å"By default, profiles on Friendster and Tribe. net are crawled by search engines, making them visible to anyone, regardless of whether or not the viewer has an accountâ⬠(Boyd amp; Ellison, 2007). A general lack of awareness amongst users and the fact that digital identity can be easily hacked makes social networking sites a hub for identity theft which results in unwanted legal hassles, loss of money and years of trying to re-establish a victimââ¬â¢s credit and good name (Acquisti amp; Gross, 2006). This is why it is important for ââ¬Å"users of social network systems to be aware of the value of the data they are making available online and of the ways that is can pote3nitally be usedâ⬠(Donath amp; Boyd 2004). Furthermore another privacy issue that social networking sites face is that they encourage users to overshare very private information that can easily be used against them. For example the location based social networking site Foursquare encourages users to ââ¬Ëcheck inââ¬â¢ at various locations to win points and earn badges and discounts. However these ââ¬Ëcheck insââ¬â¢ are in real time and essentially users notify others where they are, but more importantly when they arenââ¬â¢t home. For strangers and thieves this is the perfect opportunity to take advantage of such knowledge and rob someoneââ¬â¢s house while they are out. A web site called ââ¬Å"Please rob meâ⬠has been set up to raise awareness about over-sharing and highlights these kinds of privacy issues that social networks create ââ¬Å"Location based services also raise myriads of privacy issues due to the ability to collect, store, use and disclose the locations of users. â⬠(Anuar amp; Gretzel, 2010). In this respect social networks like these pose serious privacy concerns. Cyber bullying Cyber bullying refers to ââ¬Å"bullying through information and communication technologiesâ⬠(Webster, n. ), mediums such as, emails, mobile phone text messages, phone calls, internet chat rooms, instant messaging and most importantly and recently, social networking websites such as MySpace, Facebook and Bebo (Webster, n. d). Whilst cyber bullying is not physical itââ¬â¢s emotional and psychological effects are devastating for the victim and can often lead to suicide and depression (Hinduja amp; Patchin, 2010). Cyber bulling in terms of s ocial networks is a huge issue as more than 50% of American teenagers aged from 12 to 17 use social networking sites (Hall, 2010). Online bullying is often seen as the easy way out. Social Networking sites act as a platform where bullies can say things they might not usually say to someone in person, anonymity and less physical proximity act as a wall between the bully and the victim, none the less, the words or rumours that are shared are still just as hurtful. Bullies often feel more confident online and they can contact their victims any time, anywhere, day or night, not just in the school yard (Smith et al. , 2008). For example in 2009 a 14 year old girl committed suicide as a direct result of cyber bulling. The daughterââ¬â¢s mother spoke out in an ABC news report and explained that ââ¬Å"Friday night she was on the internet and told me about some message that had come through, and she wanted to die because of the message. I laid in bed with her and we discussed it for about an hour and she left me fairly happy. I can guarantee you if she didnââ¬â¢t go on the internet Friday night sheââ¬â¢d be alive today. â⬠(Dikeos, 2009). Additionally another well know case of cyber bulling that resulted in suicide was the case of Megan Meier who was constantly teased tormented and riven to her death from intense cyber bulling. ââ¬Å"13 year old Megan began receiving nasty messages from a boy after a few weeks of an online flirtation with him, via her MySpace account, ending with one that suggested ââ¬Ëthe world would be a better placeââ¬â¢ without her. Megan, believing she had been rejected by ââ¬Å"Josh,â⬠committed suicide in her home. â⬠Times Topics, Megan Meier. (2011). The sad part was that Josh was ust a fictional character, created by a mother of one of Meganââ¬â¢s former friends. These two case studies bring to light the fact that cyber bulling is a massive problem that is not only exists all over the world, but is only made possible by the use of social networking sites. Without such platforms for bullies to target their victims the rate of teen suicide and depression would most likely drop. Groups on facebook can be created to make fun of or abuse particular people or ideas. On facebook I found groups titled ââ¬Å"I hate Kevin Ruddâ⬠and on their wall things like ââ¬Å" F**k you Kevin! and ââ¬Å"I canââ¬â¢t believe they let this di***ead become foreign ministerâ⬠. Also a recent incident that was covered on the news showed the negative comments towards babies and their parents over facebook surrounding the ââ¬ËBonds Baby Searchââ¬â¢. Some comments under a photos said ââ¬Å"A child only a mother could loveâ⬠and another baby was called an ââ¬Å"ugly ducklingâ⬠(Cute baby competition turns ugly, 2011). Comments like these are spiteful not only to the babies, but for their parents as well. This in itself is another form of cyber bullying that has been made possible via the increased use of social networking sites. It is clear that social networking sites aid in the prominence of cyber bulling which is just one of the negative impacts that social working sites has on society today. The weakening of strong ties amp; isolation The way we communicate with our peers and with strangers over the internet is changing. Another negative impact that social networks have on our relationships is the fact that whilst they might strengthen our weak ties we have with acquaintances and people we donââ¬â¢t see often, they are in fact weakening our strong ties and also bring about physical social isolation. The term ââ¬Ësocial networkingââ¬â¢ misleads people into believing they are being social, ââ¬Å"Facebook isnââ¬â¢t considered a social network but more a public phone book or search engine. Contact is minimal and impersonal (Carr, 2010). The news feed feature on facebook and twitter keeps us in the loop with everything that our close friends and family are doing. Why would one call their friend to ask them what they got up to on the weekend, when clearly all they have to do is look at their news feed and find all the details along with pictures entailing their lives. Traditionally we would regularly call each other, or go out of the way to catch up. Nowadays the urge to contact each other over the phone or even face to face isnââ¬â¢t as important because we feel like we are still connected via social networks ( Thomas, 2007). This idea of constantly being connected is awful in the way that personal interactions between friends are more superficial than they were before Facebook and other social networking sites. Users are also more likely to let more time pass between face to face encounters because they still feel like they are in contact as they constantly have tabs on all of their friends. A case study that was done in America revealed that ââ¬Å" twenty-five percent of the respondents in the 2004 survey appear to have no close ties, up from ten percent in 1984. Additionally a similar study amongst college student found that ââ¬Å"1 in 7 say that social networking sites increase feelings of isolationâ⬠(Katonda News Network, 2010) As well as ââ¬Å"Nearly 70% report reading posts from someone close to them that seemed like a cry for emotional help, and while most students would offer support in some way, fewer than half would make a personal visitâ⬠(Katonda News Network , 2010). It is clear that the rise of social networks has increased social and emotional isolation and diluted the strength our human relationships. Workplace interference Social networking sites can have a negative impact in the workplace, for both employers for employees and future employees. They create distraction, decrease productivity, cost companies money, can jeopardise a companyââ¬â¢s reputation and legal liability and for those users who donââ¬â¢t have their profiles set to private can often result in unemployment. If every employee in a 50-strong workforce spent 30 minutes on a social networking site every day, that would work out to a loss of 6,500 hours of productivity in one year! â⬠(Kelleher, 2009). Social networking sites can also be damaging for prospective employees looking for work ,as facebook and MySpace are fantastic resources for companies as they offer revealing information about a candidateââ¬â¢s true colours. Several profiles often contain awkward and embarrassing information that job seekers would not want their future managers to know about themselves. According to a new study conducted by Harris Interactive for CareerBuilder. com, 45 percent of employers questioned are using social networks to screen job candidatesâ⬠(Wortham, 2009).. Moreover, there have been many instances where personal status updates or blog posts have hurt or damaged a companies reputation, thus seeing many employees loose their jobs over mindless updates that they didnââ¬â¢t think twice about. For example in 2010, Jaguar ambassador and swimmer Stephanie Rice tweeted ââ¬Å"Suck on that f**gots,â⬠(Robertson, 2010) after a rugby game the Wallabies had won. Many twitter users and public figures referred to it as a gay slur and even after a public apology, Jaguar Australia general manager Kevin Goult announced that ââ¬Å"Jaguar Australia today terminated its relationship with Stephanie Rice, who has been an ambassador for the Jaguar brand in Australia since the start of 2010. â⬠(Robertson, 2010). Another fine example of one employee who damaged his reputation before he even stared at his new job was a Cisco employee who tweeted ââ¬Å"Cisco just offered me a job! Now I have to weigh the utility of a fatty pay check against the daily commute to San Jose and hating the workâ⬠It wasnââ¬â¢t long before Tim Levad, a channel partner advocate for Cisco Alert, shared this open response, ââ¬Å"Who is the hiring manager. Iââ¬â¢m sure they would love to know that you will hate the work. We here at Cisco are versed in the web. â⬠( Popkin, 2009)It is clear that social networking sites can have a damaging effect on not only employees but the companies themselves. Users are unfortunately unaware that everything they post on their profile is public information and even if your profile is set to private your boss or work colleagues may still be fronted with this information at some stage in the future. As social networking sites become more popular by the day, the rise of negative social effects within our society also greaten. We have and will see further instances of cyber bullying; more cases of identity theft and additional privacy breaches. We will also see our strong relationships diluted to a more superficial and ââ¬Ëconvenientââ¬â¢ type of relationship. We will continue to see a further decrease in productivity within workplace and also more instances of companyââ¬â¢s reputations and names being brought into disrepute. Social networking sites have had a huge negative impact on our mental and social health and will continue to do so into the future. It is also now evident that social networking sites facilitate all these problems, and without them they would cease to exist. Therefore it is undeniably true that Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and the like do in fact cause more harm than good. References: Acquisti, A amp; R, Gross. (2006).
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Negative Impact of Facebook on the Young People in Vietnam
Negative Impact of Facebook on the Young People in Vietnam Tran Tri Duc Introduction: Definition and related concept: What is social network? A social structure made of nodes that are generally individuals or organizations. A social network represents relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, animals, computers or other information/knowledge processing entities (J. A. Barnes, 1954) What is Facebook? Facebook is a social network where you can show information about yourself, and communicate with groups of friends (dictionary.cambridge.org). So with Facebook, everyone can communicate more easily. Facebook like the second friend of each other. There is one fun fact about Facebook. According to TechAddiction, if Facebook is a country, it would have been the third country that have the most population in the world (http://www.techaddiction.ca/facebook-addiction-statistics.html). Introduction: In Vietnam nowadays, social network is very popular for everyone, especially for young people. One of the most popular social network is Facebook. It had come to Vietnam for a long time. Because of the appearance of Facebook, there are a lot of benefit come from Facebook such as finding friend, communicate more easily, etc. But beside these advandtages, Facebook also occurs some disadvandtages for young people in Vietnam today. The research will look into the negative impact of Facebook on young people in Vietnam, and then give some solution to reduce the harm of Facebook in Vietnam. Situation: Situation around Facebook: Facebook become the largest social network in Vietnam right now, ranked 45 out of 213 countries in socialbakersââ¬â¢s statistics in 2012 . According to the web site name wearesocial.net about the Facebook users in 2012, the users was 8,5 million people in Vietnam, 3 times as many as it was in 2009, surpass Zing Me about the users (8,2 million users). The speed of Facebook registration in Vietnam is very fast, about one person every 3 second. Geographical scopes: International: Facebook occurs almost in all countries in the world. According to giaiphapsem.net, Facebook have an enormous users in the world. In August 2013, there are 1,15 million people use Facebook, approximately 699 million people out of 1,15 million use Facebook everyday in all over the world. The avarage duration of a Facebook user in one day is 20 minutes. (http://giaiphapsem.net/thong-ke-khung-ve-so-nguoi-su-dung-facebook/). All of these data have demonstreated that Facebook is becoming the largest and the most popular social network in the world. National: In 2013, Vietnam ranked 16th in the world in the rate of growth of the Facebook users (according to the results of Socialbakers SocialTimes.Meââ¬â¢s reasearch 2013) The information have shown that Facebook is very popular in Vietnam nowadays. In the future, the people use Facebook will increase rapidly. Statistics about the Facebook users: According to socialbakers, the Facebook users in Vietnam is between 18 to 24 years old, the ages of colledge students, about 56%, take up more than half of all ages. The chart below show the percentage of the social network use in Vietnam in January 2014: The chart had shown that Facebook had the most users in Vietnan (95%) in January 2014. That mean Facebook is now very popular in Vetnam, a lot of people is using it today and it will increase the users in the future. Also by SocialBakersââ¬â¢s statistics, similar to other countries, the imbalance of gender on facebook also occurred in Vietnam. They had shown that the gender which use Facebook most in Vietnam is male (54%), more than a half. Problem The circumstances that lead to Facebook: Beacause of the popularity of Facebook, everyone in Vietnam use Facebook a lot, and that causes some negative issues for anyone who use Facebook too much. The other reasons why Vietnamese people use Facebook a a lot is that they want to communicate to each other easier. Facebook is more convinient then the mobile phone because Facebook doesnââ¬â¢t cost any money to communicate, which mean people is now keep in touch with each other very easy. The problem of Facebook in Vietnam: Facebook addiction: The first problem everyone will think is the Facebook addiction. Many people in Vietnam have the Facebook addiction. Vietnamese people use Facebook very much, in accordance with the statistics, Vietnamese young people use Facebook approximately 60 minutes per day. Some people use it every minute. However, the most people in Vietnam canââ¬â¢t take their eyes out of the computer screen when they use Facebook. Infer from GlobalWebIndex, the ratings of Vietnam is 10, out of 32countries have a Facebook addiction. The picture below show the coutries that have the most Facebook users. There are many reasons to explain the Facebook addiction, in that case, Dr. Brent Conrad, Clinical Psycologist for TechAddiction, have provided some reason for this problem. There are 21 reasons for that situation but here are 3 most popular reason why people in Vietnam like to use Facebook and use Facebook very much: -The first reason he gave is that Facebook allow people to catch-up very easy. Everyone can easily create an account and add some friend, they just the instucture, which doesnââ¬â¢t cost to much time to do, and then they will have an account. Moreover, the users donââ¬â¢t need to activate Facebook account so that they can easily have an acount. -Related to the first point, the secon reason he pointed out is the easily information sharing. According to that reason, Facebook allows people to share their information, include their personal information. Because of that, people can get the information of the others very fast. -The last reason is they want to tell the world that they are not alone. Today, many people in Vietnam have a lot of work to do, so that they donââ¬â¢t have time to have the social communicate, they can easily feel alone. With that situation, they go to Facebook to have more communication with other people to feel better and to say that they are not alone. (http://www.techaddiction.ca/why-is-facebook-addictive.html.) Virtual life: The another problem is the virtual life of many people in Vietnam today. They spend a lot of time to log in to Facebook sometimes for no reason. They use it at school, at home, even when they hang out with their friend. Facebook users who have a virtual life usually donââ¬â¢t want to go out and play with their friends. Even when they hang out with their friend, they also log on Facebook and donââ¬â¢t listen to the conversation. The people who have the virtual life on Facebook have a lot of expression. -The first thing they have is that they canââ¬â¢t get rid of Facebook. For more detail, they always say the word ââ¬Å"Facebookâ⬠eveytime, everywhere, and they always think to Facebook whatever they do, even when they go out and play with their friends. For example, when they go out and eat something with their friends, or go to the movie theatre, they always take some pictures about the meals or the movie tickets to post on Facebook, they think that when they take these pictures, the meals or the movie could be more interesting. -The another expression is that they really proud of themselves when they have a lot of friends or followers on Facebook, they think that when someone have a lot of friends or followers on Facebook that mean that one can be very popular, even when they donââ¬â¢t have any reputation. -The last thing is that they very admire the ââ¬Å"likeâ⬠or ââ¬Å"commentâ⬠on their Facebook. They love them too much that they donââ¬â¢t want to eat or do something good for their health. They say that they do not have to eat because when the ââ¬Å"likeâ⬠or ââ¬Å"commentâ⬠increase, they feel vey full and healthy. Wasting too much time: The next problem usually happen to students. Facebook take too much of their time. They spend to much time on Facebook and then they lose their time for studying or playing with their family. The sequel is the decline in studying, or working. Therefore, some students have a bad results in study, and more terrible is that they can be repetition. Information leaked: The last problem is the most common problem on Facebook right now. It is the leak of information, especially personal information. The users can easily be stolen their information, the stealers can get the users information by a lot of way. However, the two most popular way is hacking or using viruses. -The first way is hacking. Sometimes, Facebook users are hacked by the hackers to get their information, and then the hackers can use the account they just hacked to trick the hacked usersââ¬â¢s friends. The second purpose is that, the hackers can take the usersââ¬â¢s information to extort the account owners. -The other way is using viruses, they use viruses and attack their target. With the viruses, the theft can easily get the information and then do the same way with the hackers. The picture below show the virus is being used nowaday http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/cong-nghe-thong-tin/xuat-hien-virus-lua-dao-tren-facebook-messenger-447076.html. To conclusion, hacking or using viruses can get the Facebook usersââ¬â¢s information for many reason, for fun or for some bad aim. The users have to be careful with the weird link that appear in their Facebook. Solution: In Vietnam, the government had promulgated a lot of solution to reduce the use of Facebook, or to protect the Facebook users out of the problem that had been mentioned in previous part (especially information leaked) Reduce the use of Facebook: A lot of solutions had been propounded to reduce the use of Facebook. Here are some solutions that help to reduce it. -Vietnam used to forbade Facebook to prevent the increase the users and prevent the information leaked. Now, although the government allowed to use Facebook, however, they still raise the awareness to reduce the number of Facebook users. -Some family in Vietnam allow their children to access Facebook in a certain time, also call it the curfew time. By this way, the children can control their time on Facebook wisely. -Many schools or organisations in Vietnam open the communication classes or soft skill classes, like in OISP or the University of Natural Science. With these classes, people can get more confident and communication skill and prepare for a good real life communication. Protect the users from information leaked: Vietnam had enacted some solutions to protect, included some court of law to prevent users from being hacked or stolen information. Such as: -The government have some instruction about setting privacy on Facebook to prevent the hackers (http://vietlq.com/chong-hack-tai-khoan-facebook-nhung-cai-dat-bao-mat-ban-can-biet/.) -To help the users prevent the viruses, Vietnam government have some program to find and destroy the viruses, such as the BKAV (Bach Khoa Anti Virus) or the Avast. -Another way is that, the government also have a policy and law to ban the thefts and also raise the awareness to their people. Evaluation: Although these solutions seem very good, but teaching communication skills is the most effective solution of them all. However, that solution still have some advantages and disadvantages effect to Vietnamese people: Advantages: The previous part had mentioned some good effect of having communication class, it will help the users have more confident and communication skill to have a good conversation in the real life. The second benefit of communication is that the users will have a true feelings about everything. For example, a man always uses Facebook will never have a real emotions, because Facebook canââ¬â¢t transmit the true feelings of human, although Facebook have the emotion icon on messenger, however, that is not enough to let people know the feelling of each other. With the true feelings, human can build up a good relationship with each other. The last benefit of the communication skills is creating a strong attraction for people. If someone have good communication skills, that one will have more attraction to the other people. Disadvantages: Although teaching communication skill is the best solution, it still have some disadvantages. Because the communication class is very new with Vietnamese people, some people donââ¬â¢t want to learn it. To have good communication skills, the learner have to spend a lot of time learning it, so it cost to much time to learn. Conclusion: To sum up, although Facebook have a lot of benefits, it also cause some bad effect to Vietnamese people. In that case, the government should have some good policy to reduce the use of Facebook, and protect the Facebook users from the problem of Facebook (especially the information leaked). Furthermore, Vietnamese people should learn to communicate with other people to reduce the bad effect of Facebook. References: ââ¬Å"Company Info | Facebook Newsroomâ⬠. Facebook. September 30, 2014. ââ¬Å"Facebook Reports First Quarter 2013 Resultsâ⬠.FB. March 12, 2013. Ben Stocking (November 17, 2009).ââ¬Å"Vietnam Internet users fear Facebook blackoutâ⬠Red lines that cannot be crossed, The Economist, July 24, 2008 Cluley, Graham (February 1, 2010).ââ¬Å"Revealed: Which social networks pose the biggest risk?â⬠.Sophos Gabbatt, Adam; Arthur, Charles (November 15, 2010).ââ¬Å"Facebook mail: it might kill Gmail, but its not emailâ⬠.The Guardian(London). Facebook Becomes Third Biggest US Web Company http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/technology/facebook-becomes-third-biggest-us-web-company/406751. ââ¬Å"Choose Your Privacy Settingsâ⬠. Facebook. September 10, 2009. ââ¬Å"Search Privacyâ⬠. Facebook. June 13, 2009. ââ¬Å"Facebook Current Report, Form 8-K, Filing Date July 26, 2012â⬠.SEC. July 26, 2012. Page 1
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